unsloth/studio/backend/routes/inference.py

# SPDX-License-Identifier: AGPL-3.0-only
# Copyright 2026-present the Unsloth AI Inc. team. All rights reserved. See /studio/LICENSE.AGPL-3.0

"""
Inference API routes for model loading and text generation.
"""

import os
import sys
import time
import uuid
from pathlib import Path
from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Request, status
from fastapi.responses import StreamingResponse, JSONResponse, Response
from starlette.requests import ClientDisconnect
from typing import Any, List, Optional, Union
import json
import httpx
from loggers import get_logger
import asyncio
import threading


import re as _re

# Model size extraction (shared with core/inference/llama_cpp.py)
from utils.models import extract_model_size_b as _extract_model_size_b

from utils.api_errors import openai_error_body, anthropic_error_body


def _positive_int_or_none(value: Any) -> Optional[int]:
    if isinstance(value, bool):
        return None
    try:
        value_int = int(value)
    except (TypeError, ValueError):
        return None
    return value_int if value_int > 0 else None


def _install_httpcore_asyncgen_silencer() -> None:
    """Silence benign httpx/httpcore asyncgen GC noise on Python 3.13.

    When Studio proxies a llama-server stream via httpx, the innermost
    ``HTTP11ConnectionByteStream.__aiter__`` async generator is finalised by
    the asyncgen GC hook on a task different from the one that opened it. Its
    ``aclose`` calls ``anyio.Lock.acquire`` → ``cancel_shielded_checkpoint``,
    entering a ``CancelScope`` on the finaliser task; Python 3.13 flags the
    cross-task exit as ``"Attempted to exit cancel scope in a different task"``
    and prints ``"async generator ignored GeneratorExit"`` as an unraisable
    warning.

    Known httpx + httpcore + anyio interaction (MCP SDK python-sdk#831, agno
    #3556, chainlit #2361, langchain-mcp-adapters #254). Benign: the 200
    response is already delivered. The streaming pass-throughs
    (``/v1/chat/completions``, ``/v1/messages``, ``/v1/responses``,
    ``/v1/completions``) manage their httpx lifecycle in one task with explicit
    ``aclose()``; we don't hold a reference to the errant generator and can't
    close it ourselves.

    Install one process-wide unraisable hook that swallows only this
    interaction -- identified by (RuntimeError mentioning cancel scope /
    GeneratorExit) + (object repr referencing HTTP11ConnectionByteStream) --
    and defers to the default hook otherwise. Idempotent.
    """
    prior_hook = sys.unraisablehook
    if getattr(prior_hook, "_unsloth_httpcore_silencer", False):
        return

    def _hook(unraisable):
        exc_value = getattr(unraisable, "exc_value", None)
        obj = getattr(unraisable, "object", None)
        obj_repr = repr(obj) if obj is not None else ""
        if (
            isinstance(exc_value, RuntimeError)
            and "HTTP11ConnectionByteStream" in obj_repr
            and (
                "cancel scope" in str(exc_value)
                or "GeneratorExit" in str(exc_value)
                or "no running event loop" in str(exc_value)
            )
        ):
            return
        prior_hook(unraisable)

    _hook._unsloth_httpcore_silencer = True  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    sys.unraisablehook = _hook


_install_httpcore_asyncgen_silencer()


def _loaded_chat_template() -> Optional[str]:
    """Chat template of the currently loaded GGUF model, if any."""
    try:
        return get_llama_cpp_backend().chat_template
    except Exception:
        return None


def _template_raise_message(error_text: str, chat_template: Optional[str]) -> Optional[str]:
    """A chat-template raise_exception message to surface, but only when it appears
    verbatim in chat_template (simple substring check), so we never leak arbitrary
    llama-server text. Anchors on llama.cpp's "Jinja Exception:" prefix."""
    if not chat_template:
        return None
    marker = "Jinja Exception:"
    idx = error_text.find(marker)
    if idx == -1:
        return None
    candidate = error_text[idx + len(marker) :]
    # llama-server appends JSON after the message; cut at the first boundary.
    for stop in ('"', "\n"):
        cut = candidate.find(stop)
        if cut != -1:
            candidate = candidate[:cut]
    candidate = candidate.strip()
    return candidate if candidate and candidate in chat_template else None


_LOST_CONNECTION_MSG = (
    "Lost connection to the model server. It may have crashed -- try reloading the model."
)


def _friendly_error(exc: Exception) -> str:
    """Extract a user-friendly message from known llama-server errors."""
    if isinstance(exc, httpx.ReadTimeout):
        if "stopped producing tokens" in str(exc).lower():
            return (
                "The model stopped producing tokens before the response "
                "completed. Try stopping and retrying, or reduce max tokens."
            )
        return (
            "The model is still processing the prompt but did not produce a "
            "first token within 20 minutes. Try reducing context length, "
            "using more GPU offload, or loading a smaller model."
        )
    if isinstance(exc, httpx.TimeoutException):
        return "Timed out communicating with the model server. Try again shortly."
    # httpx transport failures from the async pass-through helpers. Any
    # RequestError subclass (ConnectError, ReadError, RemoteProtocolError,
    # WriteError, PoolTimeout, ...) means the llama-server subprocess is
    # unreachable -- crashed or still coming up.
    if isinstance(exc, httpx.RequestError):
        return _LOST_CONNECTION_MSG
    msg = str(exc)
    m = _re.search(
        r"request \((\d+) tokens?\) exceeds the available context size \((\d+) tokens?\)",
        msg,
    )
    if m:
        return (
            f"Message too long: {m.group(1)} tokens exceeds the {m.group(2)}-token "
            f"context window. Try increasing the Context Length in Model settings, "
            f"or shorten the conversation."
        )
    if "Lost connection to llama-server" in msg:
        return _LOST_CONNECTION_MSG
    template_msg = _template_raise_message(msg, _loaded_chat_template())
    if template_msg:
        return f"An internal error occurred: {template_msg}"
    return "An internal error occurred"


def _clamp_finish_reason(value) -> str:
    """Coerce an upstream finish_reason into OpenAI's known chat values.

    Unknown values (including ``None``) become ``"stop"`` so local upstream
    quirks do not leak into the public API shape.
    """
    return (
        value
        if value
        in (
            "stop",
            "length",
            "tool_calls",
            "content_filter",
            "function_call",
        )
        else "stop"
    )


def _normalize_stop_sequences(raw):
    """Coerce an OpenAI/Anthropic ``stop`` value into the list-of-non-empty-strings
    shape llama-server expects, or ``None`` when absent. A bare string becomes a
    single-element list; empty strings are dropped (an empty stop sequence would
    terminate generation immediately at position 0)."""
    if isinstance(raw, str):
        return [raw] if raw else None
    if isinstance(raw, list):
        return [s for s in raw if isinstance(s, str) and s] or None
    return None


def _effective_max_tokens(payload):
    """Resolve the generation cap, preferring OpenAI's replacement field.

    ``max_tokens`` is deprecated in favor of ``max_completion_tokens``; honor
    either for compatibility, but let the replacement field win when both are
    supplied.
    """
    return (
        payload.max_completion_tokens
        if payload.max_completion_tokens is not None
        else payload.max_tokens
    )


def _wants_multiple_choices(payload) -> bool:
    return (payload.n or 1) > 1


def _raise_unsupported_openai_parameter(param: str, message: str) -> None:
    raise HTTPException(
        status_code = 400,
        detail = openai_error_body(
            message,
            status = 400,
            code = "unsupported_parameter",
            param = param,
        ),
    )


def _raise_unsupported_n(path_label: str) -> None:
    _raise_unsupported_openai_parameter("n", f"n > 1 is not supported for {path_label}.")


def _sse_streaming_response(content) -> StreamingResponse:
    """A ``text/event-stream`` response with the standard SSE headers used by
    every streaming path here: no client/proxy caching, no proxy buffering, and
    a one-shot connection. Two callers build their response inline instead: the
    external-provider proxy omits ``Connection: close``, and the OpenAI
    passthrough returns an empty ``keep-alive`` stream when the request is
    cancelled before the upstream response starts.

    Built on ``_SameTaskStreamingResponse`` (not Starlette's stock
    ``StreamingResponse``) so the SSE generator runs in the request task. The
    legacy AnyIO task-group wrapper trips "Attempted to exit a cancel scope in a
    different task" on Python 3.13 + httpx, which surfaced as a mid-stream
    ``response.failed``. The streaming paths that take their response inline use
    ``_SameTaskStreamingResponse`` directly for the same reason."""
    return _SameTaskStreamingResponse(
        content,
        media_type = "text/event-stream",
        headers = {
            "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
            "Connection": "close",
            "X-Accel-Buffering": "no",
        },
    )


def _openai_stream_error_chunk(exc) -> dict:
    """Build an in-band OpenAI error chunk for a mid-stream failure. Once the
    stream's 200 headers are flushed the status can't change, so the error must
    ride in the SSE body. An upstream context-window overflow is mapped to
    code=context_length_exceeded so client compaction/trim loops can detect it
    (a code-less error hides it)."""
    _cls = _classify_llama_generation_error(exc)
    if _cls:
        return openai_error_body(
            _friendly_error(exc),
            status = 400,
            code = "context_length_exceeded",
        )
    if _cls is False:
        return openai_error_body(_friendly_error(exc), status = 400)
    return openai_error_body(_friendly_error(exc), status = 500)


def _openai_passthrough_error(status_code, text) -> "HTTPException":
    """HTTPException for a non-200 upstream response on the OpenAI passthrough
    (tools / response_format). An over-context upstream error is mapped to a 400
    with code="context_length_exceeded" so these paths deliver the same signal as
    the non-passthrough path; any other upstream error keeps llama-server's
    message verbatim."""
    if _classify_llama_generation_error(Exception(text)):
        return HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = openai_error_body(
                _friendly_error(Exception(text)),
                status = 400,
                code = "context_length_exceeded",
                param = "messages",
            ),
        )
    return HTTPException(
        status_code = status_code,
        detail = f"llama-server error: {text[:500]}",
    )


_OVERFLOW_TRUNCATE_MAX_RETRIES = 3
# Truncated-prompt share of the real window; the rest is generation headroom
# so a near-full prompt cannot cut a tool call mid-JSON at the wall.
_OVERFLOW_PROMPT_TARGET_FRACTION = 0.75


def _overflow_truncation_requested(payload) -> bool:
    """True when the request (or the UNSLOTH_CONTEXT_OVERFLOW server default,
    for clients that cannot send custom fields) opted into truncation."""
    requested = getattr(payload, "context_overflow", None)
    if requested is not None:
        return requested == "truncate_middle"
    return os.environ.get("UNSLOTH_CONTEXT_OVERFLOW", "").strip().lower() == "truncate_middle"


def _parse_overflow_counts(err_text: str):
    """(n_prompt_tokens, n_ctx) from an exceed_context_size_error body, or
    None. Tolerates \\" around keys (body may be a re-wrapped JSON string)."""
    m_prompt = _re.search(r'n_prompt_tokens\\?"?\s*:\s*(\d+)', err_text)
    m_ctx = _re.search(r'n_ctx\\?"?\s*:\s*(\d+)', err_text)
    if m_prompt and m_ctx:
        return int(m_prompt.group(1)), int(m_ctx.group(1))
    return None


def _estimate_message_tokens(msg: dict) -> int:
    try:
        return max(1, len(json.dumps(msg, ensure_ascii = False)) // 4)
    except Exception:
        return 1


def _truncate_middle_messages(messages: list, keep_ratio: float):
    """Drop whole turn-groups from the middle of an OpenAI message list.

    Always kept: leading system message(s), the first group (task anchor),
    and the trailing groups. A group is a user message, or an assistant
    message plus its following tool results, so surviving tool_calls stay
    paired with their results as chat templates require.
    Returns (new_messages, dropped_message_count).
    """
    if not messages or keep_ratio >= 1.0:
        return messages, 0

    head: list = []
    idx = 0
    while idx < len(messages) and messages[idx].get("role") in ("system", "developer"):
        head.append(messages[idx])
        idx += 1

    groups: list[list] = []
    for msg in messages[idx:]:
        role = msg.get("role")
        if role == "tool" and groups:
            groups[-1].append(msg)
        elif role == "tool":
            groups.append([msg])  # orphan tool result; treat as its own group
        else:
            groups.append([msg])

    # Anchor group plus the last 3 groups stay.
    protected_tail = min(3, max(1, len(groups) - 1))
    if len(groups) <= 1 + protected_tail:
        return messages, 0

    total_est = sum(_estimate_message_tokens(m) for m in messages)
    target_est = int(total_est * keep_ratio)

    anchor = groups[0]
    middle = groups[1:-protected_tail]
    tail = groups[-protected_tail:]

    current_est = total_est
    kept_middle: list[list] = list(middle)
    dropped = 0
    # Drop oldest-first until the estimate fits the target.
    while kept_middle and current_est > target_est:
        victim = kept_middle.pop(0)
        dropped += len(victim)
        current_est -= sum(_estimate_message_tokens(m) for m in victim)

    if dropped == 0:
        return messages, 0

    new_messages = head + anchor
    for grp in kept_middle:
        new_messages.extend(grp)
    for grp in tail:
        new_messages.extend(grp)
    return new_messages, dropped


_CLIP_MARKER = "\n[... truncated by context_overflow=truncate_middle ...]\n"
# Generous head+tail first; cut harder if the estimate still misses the target.
_CLIP_KEEP_CHARS = (1500, 400)


def _clip_long_contents(messages: list, target_est: int) -> int:
    """Clip oversized string contents middle-out until ``target_est`` is met.

    Tool results first, then earlier user turns, the final message last.
    Message count and roles never change, so tool pairing holds even when
    group-dropping could not free enough. Returns messages clipped.
    """

    def _candidates():
        tools = [m for m in messages if m.get("role") == "tool"]
        users = [m for m in messages[:-1] if m.get("role") == "user"]
        last = [messages[-1]] if messages else []
        return tools + users + last

    clipped = 0
    for keep in _CLIP_KEEP_CHARS:
        for msg in _candidates():
            if sum(_estimate_message_tokens(m) for m in messages) <= target_est:
                return clipped
            content = msg.get("content")
            if not isinstance(content, str) or len(content) <= 2 * keep + len(_CLIP_MARKER):
                continue
            msg["content"] = content[:keep] + _CLIP_MARKER + content[-keep:]
            clipped += 1
    return clipped


def _apply_overflow_truncation(body: dict, err_text: str) -> bool:
    """Shrink a passthrough body after an upstream context overflow: drop
    middle turn-groups, clip still-oversized contents, clamp ``max_tokens``
    to the generation headroom. Returns False when nothing could shrink."""
    counts = _parse_overflow_counts(err_text)
    messages = body.get("messages") or []
    total_est = sum(_estimate_message_tokens(m) for m in messages)
    if counts:
        n_prompt, n_ctx = counts
        keep_ratio = min(0.95, (_OVERFLOW_PROMPT_TARGET_FRACTION * n_ctx) / max(1, n_prompt))
    else:
        n_ctx = None
        keep_ratio = 0.6  # no counts in the error; cut conservatively
    # Scale the server-token target into char-estimate units.
    target_est = int(total_est * keep_ratio)

    new_messages, dropped = _truncate_middle_messages(messages, keep_ratio)
    if dropped:
        body["messages"] = new_messages
    clipped = 0
    if sum(_estimate_message_tokens(m) for m in body.get("messages") or []) > target_est:
        clipped = _clip_long_contents(body.get("messages") or [], target_est)
    if not dropped and not clipped:
        return False
    if n_ctx:
        headroom = max(1024, int(n_ctx * (1.0 - _OVERFLOW_PROMPT_TARGET_FRACTION)))
        cur_max = body.get("max_tokens")
        body["max_tokens"] = min(cur_max, headroom) if cur_max else headroom
    logger.warning(
        "context_overflow=truncate_middle: dropped %d middle messages, clipped "
        "%d contents (keep_ratio %.2f); retrying within the real window",
        dropped,
        clipped,
        keep_ratio,
    )
    return True


def _anthropic_stream_error_event(exc, *, force: bool = False):
    """Return an Anthropic in-band stream error event when one is useful."""
    _cls = _classify_llama_generation_error(exc)
    if _cls is None and not force:
        return None
    status = 400 if _cls is not None else 500
    return build_anthropic_sse_event(
        "error",
        anthropic_error_body(_friendly_error(exc), status = status),
    )


def _drop_parallel_tool_call_deltas(chunk) -> bool:
    """In-place: drop tool_call deltas whose index >= 1 from a parsed OpenAI
    streaming chunk so only the first tool call survives (parallel_tool_calls=false
    / disable_parallel_tool_use, best-effort). Returns True if anything changed."""
    if not isinstance(chunk, dict):
        return False
    changed = False
    for ch in chunk.get("choices") or []:
        delta = ch.get("delta") or {}
        tcs = delta.get("tool_calls")
        if isinstance(tcs, list):
            kept = [tc for tc in tcs if isinstance(tc, dict) and (tc.get("index") or 0) == 0]
            if len(kept) != len(tcs):
                delta["tool_calls"] = kept
                changed = True
    return changed


def _cap_parallel_tool_calls_sse_line(raw_line: str) -> str:
    """Drop tool_call deltas whose index >= 1 from one streamed OpenAI SSE
    ``data:`` line so only the first tool call survives (parallel_tool_calls=false,
    best-effort). Non-tool / unparseable payloads are returned byte-for-byte."""
    payload = raw_line[len("data: ") :]
    if payload.strip() in ("", "[DONE]"):
        return raw_line
    try:
        obj = json.loads(payload)
    except Exception:
        return raw_line
    if not _drop_parallel_tool_call_deltas(obj):
        return raw_line
    return "data: " + json.dumps(obj, separators = (",", ":"))


def _prompt_tokens_details(upstream):
    """Surface llama-server's real ``cached_tokens`` (KV-cache prompt hits) while
    keeping the full OpenAI ``prompt_tokens_details`` shape. Defaults to zero when
    the upstream usage doesn't carry it, so the field is always present."""
    out = {"cached_tokens": 0, "audio_tokens": 0}
    if isinstance(upstream, dict):
        out.update({k: v for k, v in upstream.items() if v is not None})
    return out


def _wants_stream_usage(payload) -> bool:
    return bool((payload.stream_options or {}).get("include_usage"))


def _openai_stream_usage_chunk(
    payload, completion_id, created, model_name, stream_usage, stream_timings
):
    """Build the final OpenAI-standard usage chunk (choices=[], usage populated)
    for a chat stream. Returns the SSE ``data:`` line, or None when the client
    did not opt in via ``stream_options.include_usage`` (or no usage exists)."""
    if not _wants_stream_usage(payload):
        return None
    if not (stream_usage or stream_timings):
        return None
    _usage = stream_usage or {}
    _prompt_tokens = _usage.get("prompt_tokens") or 0
    _completion_tokens = _usage.get("completion_tokens") or 0
    _total_tokens = _usage.get("total_tokens") or (_prompt_tokens + _completion_tokens)
    usage_chunk = ChatCompletionChunk(
        id = completion_id,
        created = created,
        model = model_name,
        choices = [],
        usage = CompletionUsage(
            prompt_tokens = _prompt_tokens,
            completion_tokens = _completion_tokens,
            total_tokens = _total_tokens,
            prompt_tokens_details = _prompt_tokens_details(_usage.get("prompt_tokens_details")),
        ),
        timings = stream_timings,
    )
    return f"data: {usage_chunk.model_dump_json(exclude_none = True)}\n\n"


def _chat_chunk_sse(completion_id, created, model_name, *, delta, finish_reason) -> str:
    """One ``ChatCompletionChunk`` as an SSE ``data:`` line. The role / content /
    final chunks every in-process streamer emits differ only in their ``delta``
    and ``finish_reason``."""
    chunk = ChatCompletionChunk(
        id = completion_id,
        created = created,
        model = model_name,
        choices = [ChunkChoice(delta = delta, finish_reason = finish_reason)],
    )
    return f"data: {chunk.model_dump_json(exclude_none = True)}\n\n"


def _chat_role_chunk(completion_id, created, model_name) -> str:
    """Opening assistant-role chunk for a chat stream."""
    return _chat_chunk_sse(
        completion_id,
        created,
        model_name,
        delta = ChoiceDelta(role = "assistant"),
        finish_reason = None,
    )


def _chat_content_chunk(completion_id, created, model_name, text) -> str:
    """A content-delta chunk carrying ``text``."""
    return _chat_chunk_sse(
        completion_id,
        created,
        model_name,
        delta = ChoiceDelta(content = text),
        finish_reason = None,
    )


def _chat_final_chunk(completion_id, created, model_name, finish_reason) -> str:
    """Terminal stop chunk (empty delta) carrying the finish reason."""
    return _chat_chunk_sse(
        completion_id,
        created,
        model_name,
        delta = ChoiceDelta(),
        finish_reason = finish_reason,
    )


def _rewrite_cmpl_id(raw: bytes) -> bytes:
    """Rewrite llama-server's chat-style ``chatcmpl-`` ids to the ``cmpl-``
    prefix OpenAI's legacy /v1/completions use. Anchored on the ``"id":`` key
    (both spacing variants) so the rest of the body stays byte-exact."""
    return raw.replace(b'"id":"chatcmpl-', b'"id":"cmpl-').replace(
        b'"id": "chatcmpl-', b'"id": "cmpl-'
    )


def _cmpl_stream_event_out(event: bytes, include_usage: bool) -> Optional[bytes]:
    """Process one legacy /v1/completions SSE event (text between blank-line
    separators).

    Always rewrites the ``chatcmpl-`` -> ``cmpl-`` id prefix. When the client
    did NOT request ``stream_options.include_usage``, also removes the usage
    statistics so the stream matches OpenAI's contract.

    Shape note: on /v1/completions, llama-server attaches ``usage`` to the
    FINAL content chunk (the ``finish_reason`` chunk, which has a populated
    ``choices`` array) -- unlike the chat stream, which emits a standalone
    ``choices: []`` usage chunk. Both shapes are handled: a standalone
    usage-only chunk is dropped; an inline ``usage`` field is stripped from a
    content chunk while keeping ``choices``/``finish_reason`` intact.

    Returns the event bytes to emit, or ``None`` to drop the event. Only a
    usage-bearing event is re-serialized; every other event keeps exact bytes.
    """
    if include_usage:
        return _rewrite_cmpl_id(event)
    lines = event.split(b"\n")
    changed = False
    for i, ln in enumerate(lines):
        if not ln.startswith(b"data:"):
            continue
        payload = ln[len(b"data:") :].strip()
        if not payload or payload == b"[DONE]":
            continue
        try:
            obj = json.loads(payload)
        except Exception:
            continue
        if not isinstance(obj, dict) or obj.get("usage") is None:
            continue
        # Standalone usage-only chunk (chat-style) -> drop the whole event.
        if obj.get("choices") == []:
            return None
        # Usage on a content/finish chunk (completions-style) -> strip it.
        obj.pop("usage", None)
        lines[i] = b"data: " + json.dumps(obj, separators = (",", ":")).encode("utf-8")
        changed = True
    return _rewrite_cmpl_id(b"\n".join(lines) if changed else event)


def _classify_llama_generation_error(exc: Exception) -> Optional[bool]:
    """Classify an error raised while consuming the GGUF generator.

    Returns True for a context-window overflow, False for any other upstream
    4xx (a client error), or None when it should stay a 500. Distinguishes a
    real client error from a genuine crash by the explicit "llama-server
    returned 4xx" marker, not a bare "tokens"/"exceed" substring.
    """
    msg = str(exc)
    msg_l = msg.lower()
    if "n_ctx" in msg_l or (
        "context" in msg_l and any(t in msg_l for t in ("exceed", "length", "window", "too long"))
    ):
        return True
    if _re.search(r"llama-server returned (4\d\d)", msg):
        return False
    return None


# Add backend directory to path
backend_path = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent
if str(backend_path) not in sys.path:
    sys.path.insert(0, str(backend_path))

try:
    from core.inference import get_inference_backend
    from core.inference.llama_cpp import (
        LlamaCppBackend,
        _DEFAULT_FIRST_TOKEN_TIMEOUT_S,
        _DEFAULT_MAX_TOKENS_FLOOR,
        _DEFAULT_STREAM_STALL_TIMEOUT_S,
        _canonicalize_spec_mode,
        _extra_args_set_spec_type,
        _hf_offline_if_dns_dead,
        detect_reasoning_flags,
    )
    from core.inference.llama_server_args import (
        _effective_tensor_parallel,
        _tensor_parallel_matches_loaded,
        parse_split_mode_override,
        resolve_tensor_parallel,
        strip_shadowing_flags,
        validate_extra_args,
    )
    from core.inference.tensor_fallback import load_with_tensor_fallback
    from utils.models import ModelConfig
    from utils.inference import load_inference_config
    from utils.models.model_config import (
        detect_mtp_file,
        load_model_defaults,
    )
    from utils.native_path_leases import (
        NativePathLeaseError,
        display_label_for_native_path,
        is_registered_native_path_label,
        redact_native_paths,
        verify_native_path_lease,
    )
except ImportError:
    parent_backend = backend_path.parent / "backend"
    if str(parent_backend) not in sys.path:
        sys.path.insert(0, str(parent_backend))
    from core.inference import get_inference_backend
    from core.inference.llama_cpp import (
        LlamaCppBackend,
        _DEFAULT_FIRST_TOKEN_TIMEOUT_S,
        _DEFAULT_MAX_TOKENS_FLOOR,
        _DEFAULT_STREAM_STALL_TIMEOUT_S,
        _canonicalize_spec_mode,
        _extra_args_set_spec_type,
        _hf_offline_if_dns_dead,
        detect_reasoning_flags,
    )
    from core.inference.llama_server_args import (
        _effective_tensor_parallel,
        _tensor_parallel_matches_loaded,
        parse_split_mode_override,
        resolve_tensor_parallel,
        strip_shadowing_flags,
        validate_extra_args,
    )
    from core.inference.tensor_fallback import load_with_tensor_fallback
    from utils.models import ModelConfig
    from utils.inference import load_inference_config
    from utils.models.model_config import (
        detect_mtp_file,
        load_model_defaults,
    )
    from utils.native_path_leases import (
        NativePathLeaseError,
        display_label_for_native_path,
        is_registered_native_path_label,
        redact_native_paths,
        verify_native_path_lease,
    )


def _llama_non_streaming_generation_timeout() -> httpx.Timeout:
    return httpx.Timeout(_DEFAULT_FIRST_TOKEN_TIMEOUT_S)


def _llama_streaming_generation_timeout() -> httpx.Timeout:
    return httpx.Timeout(_DEFAULT_FIRST_TOKEN_TIMEOUT_S)


def _set_stream_response_read_timeout(
    response: httpx.Response, read_timeout_s: float = _DEFAULT_STREAM_STALL_TIMEOUT_S
) -> None:
    try:
        timeout_ext = response.request.extensions.get("timeout")
        if isinstance(timeout_ext, dict):
            timeout_ext["read"] = read_timeout_s
    except Exception:
        pass


_STREAM_DISCONNECT_POLL_TIMEOUT_S = 0.25


class _CompatSameTaskTimeout:
    """Same-task timeout fallback for Python versions before asyncio.timeout."""

    def __init__(self, timeout_s: float):
        self.timeout_s = timeout_s
        self._task = None
        self._handle = None
        self._timed_out = False
        self._cancelling = 0

    async def __aenter__(self):
        self._task = asyncio.current_task()
        if self._task is None:
            return self
        if hasattr(self._task, "cancelling"):
            self._cancelling = self._task.cancelling()
        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
        self._handle = loop.call_later(max(self.timeout_s, 0), self._cancel_task)
        return self

    async def __aexit__(self, exc_type, exc, tb):
        if self._handle is not None:
            self._handle.cancel()
        if exc_type is not None and issubclass(exc_type, asyncio.CancelledError):
            if self._timed_out:
                if self._task is not None and hasattr(self._task, "uncancel"):
                    if self._task.uncancel() > self._cancelling:
                        return None
                raise asyncio.TimeoutError from exc
        return None

    def _cancel_task(self) -> None:
        self._timed_out = True
        if self._task is not None:
            self._task.cancel()


def _same_task_timeout(timeout_s: float):
    timeout_ctx = getattr(asyncio, "timeout", None)
    if timeout_ctx is not None:
        return timeout_ctx(timeout_s)
    return _CompatSameTaskTimeout(timeout_s)


class _SameTaskStreamingResponse(StreamingResponse):
    """StreamingResponse without Starlette's legacy AnyIO task-group wrapper."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        *args,
        unstarted_cleanup = None,
        **kwargs,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        # Async callable invoked when the client disconnects before the body
        # iterator is ever advanced. A generator that never started cannot run
        # its own try/finally, so a stream that acquires resources before its
        # first yield (the passthrough opens an upstream httpx stream eagerly)
        # passes this to release them.
        self._unstarted_cleanup = unstarted_cleanup

    async def __call__(self, scope, receive, send) -> None:
        # Track whether the body iterator was ever advanced: send() only emits a
        # body message after the generator yields its first chunk, so a failure
        # before then means it never entered its try/finally.
        body_started = False

        async def _tracking_send(message) -> None:
            nonlocal body_started
            if message.get("type") == "http.response.body":
                body_started = True
            await send(message)

        try:
            await self.stream_response(_tracking_send)
        except OSError:
            # Client disconnected mid-send.
            if body_started:
                # The generator produced at least one chunk and is suspended in
                # its try/finally. Throw CancelledError into it (not aclose's
                # GeneratorExit) so its `except asyncio.CancelledError` handler
                # runs and finishes any api_monitor entry; GeneratorExit would
                # skip it and only run `finally`. Fall back to aclose() without
                # athrow.
                athrow = getattr(self.body_iterator, "athrow", None)
                if athrow is not None:
                    try:
                        await athrow(asyncio.CancelledError())
                    except (asyncio.CancelledError, StopAsyncIteration, RuntimeError):
                        pass
                else:
                    aclose = getattr(self.body_iterator, "aclose", None)
                    if aclose is not None:
                        await aclose()
            else:
                # http.response.start failed before the body iterator advanced,
                # so its try/finally never armed and aclose()/athrow() are no-ops
                # on an unstarted generator. Release any resources acquired
                # before the first yield via the explicit cleanup hook.
                aclose = getattr(self.body_iterator, "aclose", None)
                if aclose is not None:
                    await aclose()
                if self._unstarted_cleanup is not None:
                    try:
                        await self._unstarted_cleanup()
                    except Exception:
                        pass
            raise ClientDisconnect()
        if self.background is not None:
            await self.background()


async def _aclose_stream_resources(
    *,
    watchers = (),
    iterator = None,
    resp = None,
    client = None,
) -> None:
    """Tear down an httpx streaming generator's resources in the required order:
    cancel + await each watcher task, then aclose() the byte/line iterator, the
    response, and the client. Each step swallows its own exceptions so teardown
    always completes. See _anthropic_passthrough_stream for the ordering rationale."""
    for watcher in watchers:
        if watcher is not None:
            watcher.cancel()
            try:
                await watcher
            except (asyncio.CancelledError, Exception):
                pass
    if iterator is not None:
        try:
            await iterator.aclose()
        except Exception:
            pass
    if resp is not None:
        try:
            await resp.aclose()
        except Exception:
            pass
    if client is not None:
        try:
            await client.aclose()
        except Exception:
            pass


async def _preheader_cancelled(cancel_event = None, request: Optional[Request] = None) -> bool:
    if cancel_event is not None and cancel_event.is_set():
        return True
    if request is not None and await request.is_disconnected():
        if cancel_event is not None:
            cancel_event.set()
        return True
    return False


async def _wait_preheader_cancel(cancel_event = None, request: Optional[Request] = None) -> None:
    while not await _preheader_cancelled(cancel_event, request):
        await asyncio.sleep(0.05)


async def _send_stream_with_preheader_cancel(
    client: httpx.AsyncClient,
    req: httpx.Request,
    cancel_event = None,
    request: Optional[Request] = None,
) -> Optional[httpx.Response]:
    if cancel_event is None and request is None:
        return await client.send(req, stream = True)
    if await _preheader_cancelled(cancel_event, request):
        return None

    send_task = asyncio.create_task(client.send(req, stream = True))
    cancel_task = asyncio.create_task(_wait_preheader_cancel(cancel_event, request))

    async def _stop_send_task() -> None:
        try:
            await client.aclose()
        except Exception:
            pass
        send_task.cancel()
        try:
            await send_task
        except (asyncio.CancelledError, Exception):
            pass

    try:
        done, _pending = await asyncio.wait(
            {send_task, cancel_task},
            return_when = asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED,
        )
        if send_task in done:
            return await send_task

        await _stop_send_task()
        return None
    except asyncio.CancelledError:
        if cancel_event is not None:
            cancel_event.set()
        await _stop_send_task()
        raise
    finally:
        cancel_task.cancel()
        try:
            await cancel_task
        except (asyncio.CancelledError, Exception):
            pass


async def _aiter_llama_stream_items(
    async_iter,
    *,
    cancel_event = None,
    request: Optional[Request] = None,
    first_token_deadline: Optional[float] = None,
    response: Optional[httpx.Response] = None,
    post_first_item_read_timeout_s: Optional[float] = _DEFAULT_STREAM_STALL_TIMEOUT_S,
):
    if first_token_deadline is None:
        first_token_deadline = time.monotonic() + _DEFAULT_FIRST_TOKEN_TIMEOUT_S
    last_item_at: Optional[float] = None
    while True:
        if cancel_event is not None and cancel_event.is_set():
            return
        if request is not None and await request.is_disconnected():
            if cancel_event is not None:
                cancel_event.set()
            return
        waiting_first_item = last_item_at is None
        try:
            if waiting_first_item:
                remaining_s = first_token_deadline - time.monotonic()
                if remaining_s <= 0:
                    raise httpx.ReadTimeout("The model did not produce a first token in time.")
                if response is not None:
                    _set_stream_response_read_timeout(response, remaining_s)
                # Keep httpx/httpcore's AnyIO cancel scope in this task.
                # asyncio.wait_for would drive __anext__ in a child task.
                async with _same_task_timeout(remaining_s):
                    item = await async_iter.__anext__()
            else:
                if (
                    request is not None
                    and response is not None
                    and post_first_item_read_timeout_s is not None
                    and last_item_at is not None
                ):
                    stall_remaining_s = post_first_item_read_timeout_s - (
                        time.monotonic() - last_item_at
                    )
                    if stall_remaining_s <= 0:
                        raise httpx.ReadTimeout("The model stopped producing tokens mid-response.")
                    _set_stream_response_read_timeout(response, stall_remaining_s)
                item = await async_iter.__anext__()
        except asyncio.TimeoutError as exc:
            if waiting_first_item:
                raise httpx.ReadTimeout("The model did not produce a first token in time.") from exc
            raise
        except StopAsyncIteration:
            return
        except httpx.ReadTimeout:
            now = time.monotonic()
            if last_item_at is None:
                if now >= first_token_deadline:
                    raise
                continue
            if (
                request is not None
                and post_first_item_read_timeout_s is not None
                and now - last_item_at < post_first_item_read_timeout_s
            ):
                continue
            raise httpx.ReadTimeout("The model stopped producing tokens mid-response.")
        if (
            last_item_at is None
            and response is not None
            and post_first_item_read_timeout_s is not None
        ):
            _set_stream_response_read_timeout(response, post_first_item_read_timeout_s)
        last_item_at = time.monotonic()
        yield item


from models.inference import (
    LoadRequest,
    UnloadRequest,
    GenerateRequest,
    DiffusionLoadRequest,
    DiffusionGenerateRequest,
    DiffusionGenerateResponse,
    DiffusionGenerateProgressResponse,
    DiffusionStatusResponse,
    DiffusionLoadProgressResponse,
    GalleryImage,
    GalleryListResponse,
    LoadResponse,
    LoadProgressResponse,
    UnloadResponse,
    InferenceStatusResponse,
    ChatCompletionRequest,
    ChatCompletionChunk,
    ChatCompletion,
    ToolConfirmRequest,
    ChatMessage,
    ChunkChoice,
    ChoiceDelta,
    CompletionChoice,
    CompletionMessage,
    CompletionUsage,
    ValidateModelRequest,
    ValidateModelResponse,
    TextContentPart,
    ImageContentPart,
    ImageUrl,
    ResponsesRequest,
    ResponsesInputTextPart,
    ResponsesInputImagePart,
    ResponsesOutputTextPart,
    ResponsesUnknownInputItem,
    ResponsesFunctionCallInputItem,
    ResponsesFunctionCallOutputInputItem,
    ResponsesOutputTextContent,
    ResponsesOutputMessage,
    ResponsesOutputReasoning,
    ResponsesOutputReasoningContent,
    ResponsesOutputFunctionCall,
    ResponsesUsage,
    ResponsesResponse,
    AnthropicMessagesRequest,
    AnthropicMessagesResponse,
    AnthropicResponseTextBlock,
    AnthropicResponseToolUseBlock,
    AnthropicUsage,
    CreateOpenAIContainerBody,
    DeleteOpenAIContainerBody,
    ListOpenAIContainersResponse,
    OpenAIContainerRequest,
    OpenAIContainerSummary,
)
from core.inference.anthropic_compat import (
    anthropic_messages_to_openai,
    anthropic_tools_to_openai,
    anthropic_tool_choice_to_openai,
    openai_finish_to_anthropic_stop,
    anthropic_tool_use_id,
    build_anthropic_sse_event,
    AnthropicStreamEmitter,
    AnthropicPassthroughEmitter,
)
from auth.authentication import get_current_subject
from state.tool_approvals import resolve_tool_decision

from core.inference.key_exchange import decrypt_api_key
from core.inference.model_ids import public_model_id
from core.inference.api_monitor import api_monitor
from core.inference.llama_http import nonstreaming_client
from core.inference.providers import get_base_url
from core.inference.external_provider import ExternalProviderClient
from core.inference.chat_templates import resolve_effective_chat_template_override
from storage import providers_db
from utils.utils import safe_error_detail, log_and_http_error

import io
import base64
import numpy as np
from datetime import date as _date

router = APIRouter()
# Studio-only router (not mounted on /v1 OpenAI-compat).
studio_router = APIRouter()


_ARTIFACT_PREVIEW_FRAME_ANCESTORS = "'self' tauri://localhost http://tauri.localhost"
_ARTIFACT_PREVIEW_FRAME_STRICT_CSP = (
    "default-src 'none'; "
    "script-src 'unsafe-inline'; "
    "style-src 'unsafe-inline'; "
    "img-src data: blob:; "
    "font-src data:; "
    "media-src data: blob:; "
    "connect-src 'none'; "
    "object-src 'none'; "
    "base-uri 'none'; "
    "form-action 'none'; "
    f"frame-ancestors {_ARTIFACT_PREVIEW_FRAME_ANCESTORS}; "
    "sandbox allow-scripts"
)
_ARTIFACT_PREVIEW_FRAME_NETWORK_CSP = (
    "default-src http: https: data: blob:; "
    "script-src 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval' http: https: data: blob:; "
    "script-src-elem 'unsafe-inline' http: https: data: blob:; "
    "style-src 'unsafe-inline' http: https: data: blob:; "
    "style-src-elem 'unsafe-inline' http: https: data: blob:; "
    "img-src http: https: data: blob:; "
    "font-src http: https: data: blob:; "
    "media-src http: https: data: blob:; "
    "connect-src http: https: ws: wss: data: blob:; "
    "worker-src http: https: blob:; "
    "object-src 'none'; "
    "base-uri 'none'; "
    "form-action 'none'; "
    f"frame-ancestors {_ARTIFACT_PREVIEW_FRAME_ANCESTORS}; "
    "sandbox allow-scripts"
)
_ARTIFACT_PREVIEW_FRAME_HTML = """<!doctype html>
<html>
  <head><meta charset=\"utf-8\" /></head>
  <body>
    <script>
      (() => {
        const createMemoryStorage = () => {
          const data = new Map();
          return {
            get length() { return data.size; },
            key: (index) => Array.from(data.keys())[index] ?? null,
            getItem: (key) => data.has(String(key)) ? data.get(String(key)) : null,
            setItem: (key, value) => data.set(String(key), String(value)),
            removeItem: (key) => data.delete(String(key)),
            clear: () => data.clear(),
          };
        };
        const installStorageFallback = (name) => {
          try {
            void window[name];
            return;
          } catch {
            // Opaque-origin sandboxed frames throw SecurityError for Web Storage.
          }
          try {
            Object.defineProperty(window, name, {
              value: createMemoryStorage(),
              configurable: true,
            });
          } catch {
            // Leave the sandbox failure contained in the canvas if the
            // browser refuses to shadow the Web Storage accessor.
          }
        };
        const installStorageFallbacks = () => {
          installStorageFallback("localStorage");
          installStorageFallback("sessionStorage");
        };
        const render = (html) => {
          installStorageFallbacks();
          document.open();
          document.write(html);
          document.close();
        };
        installStorageFallbacks();
        window.addEventListener("message", (event) => {
          const data = event.data;
          if (!data || data.type !== "unsloth:artifact-html" || typeof data.html !== "string") return;
          render(data.html);
        });
      })();
    </script>
  </body>
</html>"""


async def _authenticate_header_or_query(request: Request, token: Optional[str]) -> str:
    """Resolve the bearer token from the Authorization header or the ``?token=``
    query param (needed for <img src> / <iframe>, which can't send custom
    headers), validate it, and return the subject. Raises 401 when absent."""
    auth_header = request.headers.get("authorization")
    if auth_header and auth_header.lower().startswith("bearer "):
        jwt_token = auth_header[7:]
    elif token:
        jwt_token = token
    else:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail = "Missing authentication token",
        )
    from fastapi.security import HTTPAuthorizationCredentials

    creds = HTTPAuthorizationCredentials(scheme = "Bearer", credentials = jwt_token)
    return await get_current_subject(creds)


@studio_router.get("/artifact-preview-frame", include_in_schema = False)
async def artifact_preview_frame(allow_network: bool = False):
    """Serve the opaque sandbox shell for client-side HTML canvases.

    No auth token by design: the URL is readable by the untrusted canvas via
    location.href, and this static shell exposes no server resource (frame-ancestors
    plus the sandbox already gate it), so the CSP is chosen from allow_network alone.
    """

    csp = (
        _ARTIFACT_PREVIEW_FRAME_NETWORK_CSP if allow_network else _ARTIFACT_PREVIEW_FRAME_STRICT_CSP
    )
    return Response(
        content = _ARTIFACT_PREVIEW_FRAME_HTML,
        media_type = "text/html; charset=utf-8",
        headers = {
            "Cache-Control": "no-store",
            "Content-Security-Policy": csp,
            "Referrer-Policy": "no-referrer",
            "X-Content-Type-Options": "nosniff",
        },
    )


def _detect_safetensors_features(backend, chat_template: Optional[str]) -> dict:
    """Classify reasoning/tool capabilities via the GGUF classifier so flags
    match across backends. gpt-oss is overridden: Harmony routes reasoning and
    tools through tokenizer channels, not template markup."""
    model_id = getattr(backend, "active_model_name", None)
    flags = detect_reasoning_flags(
        chat_template,
        model_identifier = model_id,
        log_source = "safetensors",
    )
    # Our safetensors loop only parses <tool_call>{json}</tool_call>,
    # <function=name>...</function>, and Gemma native <|tool_call>...<tool_call|>.
    # Llama uses <|python_tag|>, Mistral uses [TOOL_CALLS]; advertising tools for
    # those enables a pill the parser can't honour. GGUF is unaffected --
    # llama-server normalises every format into structured deltas.
    if (
        flags.get("supports_tools")
        and chat_template
        and "<tool_call>" not in chat_template
        and "<function=" not in chat_template
        and "<|tool_call>" not in chat_template
    ):
        logger.info(
            "safetensors: template advertises tools but uses an "
            "emission format the loop cannot parse; suppressing "
            "supports_tools"
        )
        flags["supports_tools"] = False

    # gpt-oss: keep reasoning on, drop tools (Harmony channel, not the
    # <tool_call> XML this loop parses).
    try:
        if hasattr(backend, "_is_gpt_oss_model") and backend._is_gpt_oss_model():
            flags["supports_reasoning"] = True
            flags["reasoning_style"] = "reasoning_effort"
            flags["supports_tools"] = False
    except Exception:
        logger.debug("gpt_oss_check_failed", exc_info = True)
    return flags


def _effective_enable_tools(payload) -> Optional[bool]:
    """Resolve `payload.enable_tools` against the process-level tool policy.

    Returns the policy value when set (CLI hard-override from `unsloth run`),
    else the per-request value.
    """
    from state.tool_policy import get_tool_policy

    policy = get_tool_policy()
    return policy if policy is not None else payload.enable_tools


# Cancel registry. Proxies (e.g. Colab) can swallow client fetch aborts so
# is_disconnected() never fires. POST /inference/cancel looks up in-flight
# cancel_events here by cancel_id (per-run) or session_id / completion_id
# (fallbacks).
_CANCEL_REGISTRY: dict[str, set[threading.Event]] = {}
_CANCEL_LOCK = threading.Lock()

# Cancel POSTs arriving before registration are stashed; the next matching
# __enter__ replays set() within the TTL.
_PENDING_CANCELS: dict[str, float] = {}
_PENDING_CANCEL_TTL_S = 30.0


def _prune_pending(now: float) -> None:
    for k in [k for k, ts in _PENDING_CANCELS.items() if now - ts > _PENDING_CANCEL_TTL_S]:
        _PENDING_CANCELS.pop(k, None)


class _TrackedCancel:
    """Register cancel_event in _CANCEL_REGISTRY for the block's duration."""

    def __init__(self, event: threading.Event, *keys):
        self.event = event
        self.keys = tuple(k for k in keys if k)

    def __enter__(self):
        # Register + consume-pending in one critical section to close the
        # TOCTOU race against a concurrent cancel POST.
        should_cancel = False
        with _CANCEL_LOCK:
            for k in self.keys:
                _CANCEL_REGISTRY.setdefault(k, set()).add(self.event)
            now = time.monotonic()
            _prune_pending(now)
            for k in self.keys:
                if k and _PENDING_CANCELS.pop(k, None) is not None:
                    should_cancel = True
        if should_cancel:
            self.event.set()
        return self.event

    def __exit__(self, *exc):
        with _CANCEL_LOCK:
            for k in self.keys:
                bucket = _CANCEL_REGISTRY.get(k)
                if bucket is None:
                    continue
                bucket.discard(self.event)
                if not bucket:
                    _CANCEL_REGISTRY.pop(k, None)
        return False


def _cancel_by_keys(keys) -> int:
    """Set cancel_event for matching registry entries; no stash.
    session_id/completion_id are shared across runs on the same thread, so
    stashing them would ghost-cancel the user's next request. Only cancel_id
    is per-run unique (see _cancel_by_cancel_id_or_stash)."""
    if not keys:
        return 0
    events: set[threading.Event] = set()
    with _CANCEL_LOCK:
        _prune_pending(time.monotonic())
        for k in keys:
            bucket = _CANCEL_REGISTRY.get(k)
            if bucket:
                events.update(bucket)
    for ev in events:
        ev.set()
    return len(events)


def _cancel_by_cancel_id_or_stash(cancel_id: str) -> int:
    """Atomic lookup-or-stash; pairs with _TrackedCancel.__enter__ to
    close the TOCTOU race."""
    now = time.monotonic()
    events: set[threading.Event] = set()
    with _CANCEL_LOCK:
        _prune_pending(now)
        bucket = _CANCEL_REGISTRY.get(cancel_id)
        if bucket:
            events.update(bucket)
        else:
            _PENDING_CANCELS[cancel_id] = now
    for ev in events:
        ev.set()
    return len(events)


async def _await_cancel_then_close(cancel_event, resp) -> None:
    """Watch a threading.Event from asyncio and close ``resp`` when it fires.

    Used by passthrough streamers so a /cancel POST can interrupt while the
    async iterator is blocked on llama-server prefill. Without it the in-loop
    ``cancel_event.is_set()`` check is unreachable until the first SSE chunk
    arrives -- exactly the proxy/Colab case the cancel POST exists for.

    Polls a threading.Event since the cancel registry is keyed by
    threading.Event (so the sync /cancel handler can call .set()). The 50ms
    cadence adds at most that latency to a prefill cancel; the common
    streaming-cancel path still sees the event on the iterator's next chunk.
    """
    try:
        while not cancel_event.is_set():
            await asyncio.sleep(0.05)
        try:
            await resp.aclose()
        except Exception:
            pass
    except asyncio.CancelledError:
        return


async def _await_disconnect_then_close(request, resp, cancel_event) -> None:
    """Close ``resp`` on client disconnect; sets ``cancel_event`` first so
    the streamer's RemoteProtocolError handler treats it as cancellation.
    Catches aborts the in-loop /cancel check misses during prefill. #5692.
    """
    try:
        while not await request.is_disconnected():
            await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
        cancel_event.set()
        try:
            await resp.aclose()
        except Exception as e:
            logger.debug("Failed to close response on disconnect: %s", e)
    except asyncio.CancelledError:
        return


async def _await_disconnect_then_cancel(request, cancel_event) -> None:
    """Set ``cancel_event`` when a same-task local stream disconnects."""
    try:
        while not await request.is_disconnected():
            await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
        cancel_event.set()
    except asyncio.CancelledError:
        return


async def _stop_local_disconnect_cancel_watcher(watcher) -> None:
    watcher.cancel()
    try:
        await watcher
    except (asyncio.CancelledError, Exception):
        pass


# Centralized local/server tool nudge. Keep render_html guidance gated to turns
# where the canvas tool is actually present in the tool schema; otherwise
# small local models can hallucinate a missing tool call instead of following
# the fenced-HTML fallback prompt.
_TOOL_BASE_NUDGE = (
    "Tools are available when they materially improve the answer. Use an enabled "
    "tool for current facts, calculations, code execution, or canvases when it "
    "materially helps; otherwise answer normally and follow the user's requested "
    "format."
)
_TOOL_WEB_COMPACT_TIP = "When using web_search, do not repeat the same search query."
_TOOL_WEB_EXPANDED_TIP = (
    "When using web_search and a result URL is relevant, fetch its full content "
    "by calling web_search with the url parameter. Do not repeat the same search "
    "query. If a search returns no useful results, try rephrasing or fetching a "
    "result URL directly."
)
_TOOL_CODE_TIP = (
    "Use code execution for math, calculations, data processing, or to parse "
    "and analyze information from tool results."
)
_TOOL_ARTIFACT_TIP = (
    "For HTML, CSS, or JavaScript canvas requests, call render_html once when "
    "it is available with one complete self-contained HTML document in the code "
    "argument. After render_html succeeds, do not call it again in the same "
    "response unless the user asks for changes. Future user requests for new "
    "canvases may call render_html once."
)


def _build_tool_action_nudge(*, tools: list[dict], model_name: str) -> str:
    tool_names = {
        (tool.get("function") or {}).get("name")
        for tool in tools
        if isinstance(tool, dict) and isinstance(tool.get("function"), dict)
    }
    has_web = "web_search" in tool_names
    has_code = "python" in tool_names or "terminal" in tool_names
    has_artifact = "render_html" in tool_names
    if not (has_web or has_code or has_artifact):
        return ""

    model_size_b = _extract_model_size_b(model_name)
    compact_web_tip = model_size_b is not None and model_size_b < 9
    tool_tip_parts: list[str] = []
    if has_web:
        tool_tip_parts.append(_TOOL_WEB_COMPACT_TIP if compact_web_tip else _TOOL_WEB_EXPANDED_TIP)
    if has_code:
        tool_tip_parts.append(_TOOL_CODE_TIP)
    if has_artifact:
        tool_tip_parts.append(_TOOL_ARTIFACT_TIP)
    return (
        f"The current date is {_date.today().isoformat()}. "
        + _TOOL_BASE_NUDGE
        + " "
        + " ".join(tool_tip_parts)
    )


# Nudge appended when the RAG knowledge-base tool is active: ground answers in
# the attached documents instead of model memory.
_RAG_GROUNDING_NUDGE = (
    "The user has attached documents to this conversation. Relevant "
    "passages are retrieved and provided to you automatically; base "
    "your answer on them and cite them. You can also call "
    "search_knowledge_base to look for more. Do not answer from "
    "memory when the attached documents are relevant."
)


async def _select_request_tools(
    payload: ChatCompletionRequest, *, tools_on: bool, mcp_allowed: bool
) -> list[dict]:
    """Resolve the tool list for a chat request: built-ins filtered by the
    caller's opt-in (empty when MCP-only), the RAG tool dropped without a
    retrieval scope, then enabled MCP tools appended. An empty result means the
    caller should skip the tool loop, so a model-emitted built-in call can't
    piggy-back on the empty allow-list."""
    from core.inference.tools import ALL_TOOLS, get_enabled_mcp_tools

    if not tools_on:
        # MCP-only request: skip built-ins, leave room for MCP tools.
        tools = []
    elif payload.enabled_tools is not None:
        tools = [t for t in ALL_TOOLS if t["function"]["name"] in payload.enabled_tools]
    else:
        # Copy so the shared module-global tool list can't be mutated by callers.
        tools = list(ALL_TOOLS)
    # Drop the RAG tool without a scope: nothing to search over.
    if not payload.rag_scope:
        tools = [t for t in tools if t["function"]["name"] != "search_knowledge_base"]
    if mcp_allowed:
        tools = tools + await get_enabled_mcp_tools()
    return tools


def _apply_rag_nudge(nudge: str, tools: list[dict], *, rag_scope) -> str:
    """Append the RAG grounding nudge to ``nudge`` when the knowledge-base tool
    is active (search_knowledge_base present and a retrieval scope is set). The
    date is prefixed when the tool nudge is empty (RAG-only tool set). Returns
    ``nudge`` unchanged when RAG isn't active."""
    tool_names = {(t.get("function") or {}).get("name") for t in (tools or [])}
    if "search_knowledge_base" not in tool_names or not rag_scope:
        return nudge
    if not nudge:
        date_line = f"The current date is {_date.today().isoformat()}."
        return date_line + " " + _RAG_GROUNDING_NUDGE
    return nudge + " " + _RAG_GROUNDING_NUDGE


# Strip tool-call XML the speculative buffer in core/inference/llama_cpp.py
# split across the visible/DRAIN boundary. Four leak shapes:
#   1. well-formed `<tool_call>...</tool_call>` / `<function=...>...</function>`
#   2. orphan opening to EOF (close was DRAINED)
#   3. bare orphan close (open was DRAINED)
#   4. tail-only `</parameter>` (outer close truncated by EOS); anchored to
#      `\Z` so mid-text `<parameter>` in user code samples survives.
_TOOL_XML_RE = _re.compile(
    # Hyphen in the name char-class matches MCP tool names with dashes
    # (mcp__srv__list-issues) that would otherwise leak past this strip.
    r"<(?:tool_call|function=[\w-]+)>.*?(?:</(?:tool_call|function)>|\Z)"
    r"|<\|tool_call>.*?(?:<tool_call\|>|\Z)"
    r"|</(?:tool_call|function)>"
    r"|<tool_call\|>"
    r"|</parameter>\s*\Z",
    _re.DOTALL,
)


def _strip_tool_xml_for_display(text: str, *, auto_heal_tool_calls: bool) -> str:
    """Apply route-level XML leak cleanup only when Auto-Heal is enabled."""
    if not auto_heal_tool_calls:
        return text
    return _TOOL_XML_RE.sub("", text)


logger = get_logger(__name__)


def _monitor_content_text(content) -> str:
    if content is None:
        return ""
    if isinstance(content, str):
        return content
    if isinstance(content, list):
        parts: list[str] = []
        for part in content:
            if isinstance(part, dict):
                ptype = part.get("type")
                if ptype in ("text", "input_text", "output_text"):
                    text = part.get("text")
                    if isinstance(text, str):
                        parts.append(text)
                elif ptype in ("image_url", "input_image", "image"):
                    parts.append("[image]")
                else:
                    parts.append(f"[{ptype or 'content'}]")
            else:
                ptype = getattr(part, "type", None)
                text = getattr(part, "text", None)
                if isinstance(text, str):
                    parts.append(text)
                elif ptype in ("image_url", "input_image", "image"):
                    parts.append("[image]")
                elif ptype:
                    parts.append(f"[{ptype}]")
        return "\n".join(parts)
    return str(content)


def _monitor_prompt_from_messages(messages) -> str:
    lines: list[str] = []
    for msg in messages or []:
        role = msg.get("role") if isinstance(msg, dict) else getattr(msg, "role", "")
        content = msg.get("content") if isinstance(msg, dict) else getattr(msg, "content", "")
        tool_calls = (
            msg.get("tool_calls") if isinstance(msg, dict) else getattr(msg, "tool_calls", None)
        )
        text = _monitor_content_text(content)
        if tool_calls and not text:
            text = "[tool calls]"
        if text:
            lines.append(f"{role or 'message'}: {text}")
    return "\n\n".join(lines)


def _monitor_usage(
    monitor_id: Optional[str],
    usage: Optional[dict],
    context_length = None,
):
    if not usage:
        return
    api_monitor.set_usage(
        monitor_id,
        prompt_tokens = usage.get("prompt_tokens") or usage.get("input_tokens"),
        completion_tokens = usage.get("completion_tokens") or usage.get("output_tokens"),
        total_tokens = usage.get("total_tokens"),
        context_length = context_length,
    )


def _monitor_call_text(name: Any, arguments: Any = None) -> str:
    call_name = str(name or "tool")
    if arguments is None or arguments == "":
        return f"Tool call: {call_name}"
    if not isinstance(arguments, str):
        args_text = json.dumps(arguments, default = str)
    else:
        args_text = arguments
    if len(args_text) > 500:
        args_text = args_text[:497] + "..."
    return f"Tool call: {call_name}({args_text})"


def _monitor_tool_calls_text(tool_calls: Any) -> str:
    if not isinstance(tool_calls, list):
        return ""
    parts: list[str] = []
    for tool_call in tool_calls:
        if not isinstance(tool_call, dict):
            continue
        fn = tool_call.get("function") or {}
        if not isinstance(fn, dict):
            fn = {}
        name = fn.get("name") or tool_call.get("name") or "tool"
        args = fn.get("arguments")
        if args is None:
            args = tool_call.get("arguments")
        parts.append(_monitor_call_text(name, args))
    return "\n".join(parts)


def _monitor_openai_chunk(
    monitor_id: Optional[str],
    data: dict,
    context_length = None,
):
    if not monitor_id:
        return
    _monitor_usage(monitor_id, data.get("usage"), context_length)
    # Defensive: ignore malformed shapes so the helper never raises into the
    # streaming generator and aborts the user's response.
    choices = data.get("choices")
    if not isinstance(choices, list) or not choices:
        return
    reply_parts: list[tuple[int, str]] = []
    for idx, choice in enumerate(choices):
        if not isinstance(choice, dict):
            continue
        delta = choice.get("delta") or {}
        message = choice.get("message") or {}
        content = delta.get("content") if isinstance(delta, dict) else None
        if content:
            api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, content)
            continue
        if isinstance(delta, dict):
            tool_text = _monitor_tool_calls_text(delta.get("tool_calls"))
            if tool_text:
                api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, tool_text)
                continue
        if isinstance(choice.get("text"), str):
            reply_parts.append((idx, choice["text"]))
        elif isinstance(message, dict):
            text = message.get("content")
            if isinstance(text, str):
                reply_parts.append((idx, text))
            else:
                tool_text = _monitor_tool_calls_text(message.get("tool_calls"))
                if tool_text:
                    reply_parts.append((idx, tool_text))
    if not reply_parts:
        return
    if len(choices) == 1:
        api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, reply_parts[0][1])
        return
    api_monitor.append_reply(
        monitor_id,
        "\n\n".join(f"Choice {idx + 1}:\n{text}" for idx, text in reply_parts),
    )


def _monitor_openai_error_message(data: dict) -> Optional[str]:
    error = data.get("error")
    if isinstance(error, dict):
        message = error.get("message")
        if isinstance(message, str) and message:
            return message
        return json.dumps(error)
    if isinstance(error, str) and error:
        return error
    return None


def _monitor_openai_sse_line(
    monitor_id: Optional[str],
    raw_line: str,
    context_length = None,
) -> Optional[str]:
    if not monitor_id:
        return None
    # SSE spec allows `data:value` and `data: value`; accept both.
    if not raw_line.startswith("data:"):
        return None
    data_str = raw_line[5:].lstrip()
    if data_str == "[DONE]":
        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)
        return "done"
    try:
        data = json.loads(data_str)
    except json.JSONDecodeError:
        return None
    if isinstance(data, dict):
        error_message = _monitor_openai_error_message(data)
        if error_message:
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, error_message)
            return "error"
        _monitor_openai_chunk(monitor_id, data, context_length)
    return None


def _monitor_openai_sse_event(
    monitor_id: Optional[str],
    event: bytes,
    context_length = None,
) -> None:
    for line in event.decode("utf-8", errors = "ignore").splitlines():
        _monitor_openai_sse_line(monitor_id, line.strip(), context_length)


def _monitor_anthropic_usage(
    monitor_id: Optional[str],
    usage: Optional[dict],
    context_length = None,
) -> None:
    if not usage:
        return
    _monitor_usage(
        monitor_id,
        {
            "prompt_tokens": usage.get("input_tokens") or usage.get("prompt_tokens"),
            "completion_tokens": usage.get("output_tokens") or usage.get("completion_tokens"),
            "total_tokens": usage.get("total_tokens"),
        },
        context_length,
    )


_ANTHROPIC_MONITOR_TOOL_BLOCKS: dict[str, dict[int, bool]] = {}


def _monitor_anthropic_index(data: dict) -> int:
    try:
        return int(data.get("index") or 0)
    except (TypeError, ValueError):
        return 0


def _monitor_anthropic_payload(
    monitor_id: Optional[str],
    data: dict,
    context_length = None,
) -> Optional[str]:
    if not monitor_id or not isinstance(data, dict):
        return None
    event_type = data.get("type")
    if event_type == "message_start":
        message = data.get("message") or {}
        if isinstance(message, dict):
            _monitor_anthropic_usage(monitor_id, message.get("usage"), context_length)
        return None
    if event_type == "content_block_start":
        content_block = data.get("content_block") or {}
        if isinstance(content_block, dict) and content_block.get("type") == "tool_use":
            index = _monitor_anthropic_index(data)
            _ANTHROPIC_MONITOR_TOOL_BLOCKS.setdefault(monitor_id, {})[index] = False
            api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, _monitor_call_text(content_block.get("name")))
        return None
    if event_type == "content_block_delta":
        delta = data.get("delta") or {}
        text = delta.get("text") if isinstance(delta, dict) else None
        if isinstance(text, str) and text:
            api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, text)
        elif isinstance(delta, dict) and delta.get("type") == "input_json_delta":
            index = _monitor_anthropic_index(data)
            tool_blocks = _ANTHROPIC_MONITOR_TOOL_BLOCKS.get(monitor_id) or {}
            if index in tool_blocks:
                if not tool_blocks[index]:
                    api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, "\nInput: ")
                    tool_blocks[index] = True
                partial_json = delta.get("partial_json")
                if isinstance(partial_json, str) and partial_json:
                    api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, partial_json)
        return None
    if event_type == "content_block_stop":
        index = _monitor_anthropic_index(data)
        tool_blocks = _ANTHROPIC_MONITOR_TOOL_BLOCKS.get(monitor_id)
        if tool_blocks is not None:
            tool_blocks.pop(index, None)
            if not tool_blocks:
                _ANTHROPIC_MONITOR_TOOL_BLOCKS.pop(monitor_id, None)
        return None
    if event_type == "message_delta":
        _monitor_anthropic_usage(monitor_id, data.get("usage"), context_length)
        return None
    if event_type == "error":
        error = data.get("error") or {}
        if isinstance(error, dict):
            message = error.get("message") or json.dumps(error, default = str)
        else:
            message = str(error)
        api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, message)
        return "error"
    return None


def _monitor_anthropic_sse_line(
    monitor_id: Optional[str],
    raw_line: str,
    context_length = None,
) -> Optional[str]:
    if not monitor_id or not raw_line.startswith("data:"):
        return None
    data_str = raw_line[5:].lstrip()
    try:
        data = json.loads(data_str)
    except json.JSONDecodeError:
        return None
    return _monitor_anthropic_payload(monitor_id, data, context_length)


def _monitor_anthropic_content_blocks(content: Any) -> str:
    if not isinstance(content, list):
        return ""
    parts: list[str] = []
    for block in content:
        if not isinstance(block, dict):
            continue
        if block.get("type") == "text" and isinstance(block.get("text"), str):
            parts.append(block["text"])
        elif block.get("type") == "tool_use":
            parts.append(_monitor_call_text(block.get("name"), block.get("input")))
    return "".join(parts)


def _monitor_anthropic_json_response(
    response,
    monitor_id: Optional[str],
    context_length = None,
) -> None:
    if not monitor_id:
        return
    body = getattr(response, "body", b"")
    try:
        data = json.loads(body.decode("utf-8") if isinstance(body, bytes) else body)
    except Exception:
        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)
        return
    if not isinstance(data, dict):
        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)
        return
    text = _monitor_anthropic_content_blocks(data.get("content"))
    if text:
        api_monitor.set_reply(monitor_id, text)
    _monitor_anthropic_usage(monitor_id, data.get("usage"), context_length)
    api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)


def _monitor_anthropic_response(
    response,
    monitor_id,
    context_length = None,
    cancel_event = None,
):
    if not monitor_id:
        return response
    body_iterator = getattr(response, "body_iterator", None)
    if body_iterator is None:
        _monitor_anthropic_json_response(response, monitor_id, context_length)
        return response

    async def _monitored_body():
        terminal = False
        try:
            async for chunk in body_iterator:
                text = (
                    chunk.decode("utf-8", errors = "ignore")
                    if isinstance(chunk, (bytes, bytearray))
                    else str(chunk)
                )
                for line in text.splitlines():
                    if (
                        _monitor_anthropic_sse_line(
                            monitor_id,
                            line.strip(),
                            context_length,
                        )
                        == "error"
                    ):
                        terminal = True
                yield chunk
            if not terminal:
                api_monitor.finish(
                    monitor_id,
                    "cancelled"
                    if cancel_event is not None and cancel_event.is_set()
                    else "completed",
                )
        except asyncio.CancelledError:
            if cancel_event is not None:
                cancel_event.set()
            api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
            raise
        except Exception as exc:
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(exc))
            raise
        finally:
            _ANTHROPIC_MONITOR_TOOL_BLOCKS.pop(monitor_id, None)

    response.body_iterator = _monitored_body()
    return response


def _monitor_context_length() -> Optional[int]:
    llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
    if getattr(llama_backend, "is_loaded", False):
        context_length = _positive_int_or_none(getattr(llama_backend, "context_length", None))
        if context_length is not None:
            return context_length
    backend = get_inference_backend()
    if not backend.active_model_name:
        return None
    models = getattr(backend, "models", {}) or {}
    model_info = models.get(backend.active_model_name, {}) if isinstance(models, dict) else {}
    context_length = _positive_int_or_none(model_info.get("context_length"))
    if context_length is not None:
        return context_length
    for candidate in (
        getattr(backend, "context_length", None),
        getattr(backend, "max_seq_length", None),
    ):
        context_length = _positive_int_or_none(candidate)
        if context_length is not None:
            return context_length
    return None


def _monitor_active_model() -> Optional[str]:
    llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
    if getattr(llama_backend, "is_loaded", False):
        return getattr(llama_backend, "model_identifier", None)
    backend = get_inference_backend()
    return backend.active_model_name


def _validate_native_gguf_companion(
    companion_path: str | None, gguf_path: str | None, label: str
) -> None:
    """Reject a companion GGUF (mmproj / MTP drafter) that a native-lease load
    would otherwise hand to llama-server: must be a regular file (no symlink
    escaping the leased directory) living next to the selected GGUF."""
    if not companion_path or not gguf_path:
        return
    import stat as _stat_module

    companion = Path(companion_path)
    gguf = Path(gguf_path)
    try:
        companion_lstat = os.lstat(companion)
    except OSError as exc:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = f"Native {label} is no longer accessible.",
        ) from exc
    if _stat_module.S_ISLNK(companion_lstat.st_mode) or not _stat_module.S_ISREG(
        companion_lstat.st_mode
    ):
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = f"Native {label} must be a regular file.",
        )
    try:
        if companion.resolve(strict = True).parent != gguf.resolve(strict = True).parent:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = f"Native {label} must live next to the selected GGUF.",
            )
    except OSError as exc:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = f"Native {label} is no longer accessible.",
        ) from exc


def _normalise_settings_str(value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[str]:
    """Lowercase + strip a settings string, mapping blank/None to None."""
    if value is None:
        return None
    if isinstance(value, str):
        stripped = value.strip().lower()
        return stripped or None
    return value


def _should_strip_split_mode(request: LoadRequest, backend_extra: Optional[list[str]]) -> bool:
    """Whether an inherited --split-mode should be stripped on reload.

    The binary Tensor Parallelism toggle can't carry --split-mode's row/none/
    layer modes, so only strip when the toggle overrides it: tensor being turned
    on, or the inherited mode is tensor (toggle turning it off). Non-tensor modes
    survive. Shared by the inheritance strip and the already-loaded stale check
    so they agree on what reload would do.
    """
    fields_set = getattr(request, "model_fields_set", set())
    return "tensor_parallel" in fields_set and (
        request.tensor_parallel or resolve_tensor_parallel(backend_extra, False)
    )


def _carry_preserved_tensor_intent(
    *, preserved: bool, same_model: bool, explicit_drop: bool
) -> bool:
    """Carry a preserved multi-GPU layer fallback forward only for a reload of the
    SAME loaded model that doesn't explicitly drop tensor intent, so a fitting model
    isn't collapsed to one GPU on a ctx-only change -- but an unrelated model switch
    (without /unload) or an explicit tensor-off doesn't inherit it (#6659)."""
    return preserved and same_model and not explicit_drop


def _is_explicit_tensor_drop(request: LoadRequest) -> bool:
    """True only when the request explicitly selects a non-tensor --split-mode (e.g.
    layer/row/none), a deliberate departure from a preserved tensor->layer fallback.

    A bare tensor_parallel field is NOT a drop: the Studio UI always sends it and echoes
    the /load response's resolved value back, so after a fallback every reload carries
    tensor_parallel=false even though the user never changed it -- treating that as a drop
    would collapse the preserved multi-GPU placement on the next ctx/settings reload. An
    empty clear is not a drop either (a fallback always stores --split-mode layer, never a
    tensor split mode, so a clear never wipes tensor intent), nor is an unrelated extra
    (--top-k) or inherit (None). tensor_parallel=true / --split-mode tensor re-engage
    tensor. Shared by the already-loaded dedup and the load carry-forward (#6659)."""
    override = parse_split_mode_override(request.llama_extra_args)
    return override is not None and override.strip().lower() != "tensor"


def _request_matches_loaded_settings(
    request: LoadRequest,
    llama_backend: LlamaCppBackend,
    effective_chat_template_override: Optional[str] = None,
) -> bool:
    """True iff every runtime setting on the request matches the loaded server.
    Caller has already checked model+variant+is_loaded. See #5401.

    ``effective_chat_template_override`` is the resolved template that will be
    launched (user override, else a bundled family template such as the
    gemma-4 override), so the dedup compares against what the backend actually
    holds rather than the raw request field. Defaults to the request field for
    callers that do not resolve a bundled override."""
    # Compare requested n_ctx (not effective) so VRAM-cap doesn't mask an
    # Auto-vs-explicit slider flip.
    if request.max_seq_length != llama_backend.requested_n_ctx:
        return False
    if _normalise_settings_str(request.cache_type_kv) != _normalise_settings_str(
        llama_backend.cache_type_kv
    ):
        return False
    # Reconcile a user --split-mode in extras into the effective tensor state.
    # When the request omits llama_extra_args ("inherit"), compare using the
    # stored extras stripped the way the reload strips them, so an extras-driven
    # tensor load isn't seen as a mismatch that needlessly reloads the server.
    backend_extra = list(llama_backend.extra_args) if llama_backend.extra_args else []
    effective_extra = (
        request.llama_extra_args
        if request.llama_extra_args is not None
        else strip_shadowing_flags(
            backend_extra,
            strip_split_mode = _should_strip_split_mode(request, backend_extra),
        )
    )
    if not _tensor_parallel_matches_loaded(
        effective_extra, request.tensor_parallel, llama_backend.tensor_parallel
    ):
        return False
    # Preserved tensor->layer fallback (both report tensor=off, so the check above
    # matches): if the user now explicitly drops tensor intent, reload so placement
    # re-selects instead of keeping the all-GPU mask (#6659). The effective check
    # includes the env, so an env-only tensor (LLAMA_ARG_SPLIT_MODE=tensor) that
    # can't actually be dropped falls through to the env-downgrade match, not a loop.
    if llama_backend.layer_preserves_tensor_intent and _is_explicit_tensor_drop(request):
        return False
    # Spec decoding works on vision models too (MTP is mmproj-compatible,
    # llama.cpp #22673; the old ``not is_vision`` gate is gone), so compare
    # the real requested mode -- coercing vision to ``off`` here used to
    # swallow every spec-mode change on a vision model as already_loaded.
    req_mode = _canonicalize_spec_mode(request.speculative_type) or "auto"
    backend_mode = llama_backend.requested_spec_mode or "auto"
    if req_mode != backend_mode:
        return False
    # Prior HF load fell back with drafter_not_found: a same-settings reload must
    # retry the download, not dedupe to the stale fallback. HF only (hf_repo set);
    # local/native loads have no download to retry (handled by the path compare).
    if (
        llama_backend.hf_repo
        and llama_backend.spec_fallback_reason == "drafter_not_found"
        and req_mode in ("auto", "mtp", "mtp+ngram")
        and not _extra_args_set_spec_type(effective_extra)
    ):
        return False
    # spec_draft_n_max only matters with an MTP variant; None means "platform
    # default" and matches whatever the backend chose.
    if backend_mode in ("mtp", "mtp+ngram") and request.spec_draft_n_max is not None:
        if int(request.spec_draft_n_max) != (llama_backend.spec_draft_n_max or 0):
            return False
    _effective_cto = (
        effective_chat_template_override
        if effective_chat_template_override is not None
        else request.chat_template_override
    )
    if (_effective_cto or None) != (llama_backend.chat_template_override or None):
        return False
    # llama_extra_args=None means "inherit"; only an explicit differing list
    # forces a reload. On the inherit path, refuse to match if stored extras
    # contain any shadow flag, so the reload path strips them rather than
    # leaving a stale override in effect. (backend_extra computed above.)
    if request.llama_extra_args is None:
        # Mirror the reload's conditional split-mode strip, so a preserved
        # non-tensor mode (row/none/layer) isn't seen as stale and doesn't
        # trigger a needless reload of a healthy server.
        if (
            backend_extra
            and strip_shadowing_flags(
                backend_extra,
                strip_split_mode = _should_strip_split_mode(request, backend_extra),
            )
            != backend_extra
        ):
            return False
    else:
        if list(request.llama_extra_args) != backend_extra:
            return False
    # A separate drafter (Gemma's root mtp-*.gguf) appearing or disappearing
    # next to the loaded weights changes the launch command (--model-draft),
    # so a duplicate /load must reload rather than dedupe. Always compare the
    # detected vs stored drafter when the mode can use one and the user does
    # not own --spec-type: the resolved-path compare is cheap and handles all
    # four cases (both None -> match; one None -> reload; equal -> match;
    # different -> reload), including a drafter deleted out from under a
    # running server. Runs last: it stats the filesystem, so every pure-memory
    # comparison above short-circuits first. Resolve both sides since the
    # stored launch path may be a snapshot symlink while detect_mtp_file
    # returns the resolved blob.
    if req_mode in ("auto", "mtp", "mtp+ngram") and llama_backend.gguf_path:
        effective_extras = (
            request.llama_extra_args
            if request.llama_extra_args is not None
            else llama_backend.extra_args
        )
        if not _extra_args_set_spec_type(effective_extras):
            detected = detect_mtp_file(llama_backend.gguf_path)
            stored = llama_backend.mtp_draft_path
            try:
                detected_resolved = Path(detected).resolve() if detected else None
                stored_resolved = Path(stored).resolve() if stored else None
            except OSError:
                return False
            if detected_resolved != stored_resolved:
                return False
    return True


def _resolve_model_identifier_for_request(
    request: LoadRequest | ValidateModelRequest, *, operation: str
) -> tuple[str, str, bool]:
    if not request.native_path_lease:
        return request.model_path, request.model_path, False
    try:
        grant = verify_native_path_lease(
            request.native_path_lease,
            operation = operation,
            expected_kind = "model",
            expected_path_type = "file",
            allowed_suffixes = (".gguf",),
        )
    except NativePathLeaseError as exc:
        # Curated, client-correctable lease error (expired / wrong type / re-select);
        # keep the actionable message, just redact paths.
        logger.warning("inference.native_path_lease_failed: %s", exc)
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = redact_native_paths(str(exc)),
        ) from exc
    display_label = grant.display_label or Path(request.model_path).name or "Native model"
    return str(grant.canonical_path), display_label, True


# GGUF inference backend (llama-server)
_llama_cpp_backend = LlamaCppBackend()


def get_llama_cpp_backend() -> LlamaCppBackend:
    return _llama_cpp_backend


def _effective_load_in_4bit(config: ModelConfig, requested: bool) -> bool:
    """Effective quantization the loader will use: a LoRA adapter can flip 4-bit to
    16-bit via adapter_config.json, so the guard sizes this, not the raw request."""
    load_in_4bit = requested
    if not getattr(config, "is_lora", False) or not getattr(config, "path", None):
        return load_in_4bit
    adapter_cfg_path = Path(config.path) / "adapter_config.json"
    if not adapter_cfg_path.exists():
        return load_in_4bit
    try:
        with open(adapter_cfg_path) as f:
            adapter_cfg = json.load(f)
        if not isinstance(adapter_cfg, dict):  # malformed -> keep requested
            return load_in_4bit
    except Exception as e:
        logger.warning(f"Could not read adapter_config.json: {e}")
        return load_in_4bit
    training_method = adapter_cfg.get("unsloth_training_method")
    if training_method == "lora":
        return False
    if training_method == "qlora":
        return True
    if not training_method and config.base_model and "-bnb-4bit" not in config.base_model.lower():
        return False
    return load_in_4bit


def _remote_gguf_companion_bytes(
    repo: str, *, hf_token: Optional[str], include_mmproj: bool
) -> int:
    """Bytes of MTP/mmproj companion GGUFs llama-server auto-downloads. 0 on error,
    so it can only add headroom, never refuse a load by itself."""
    try:
        from huggingface_hub import model_info

        info = model_info(repo, token = hf_token, files_metadata = True)
        total = 0
        for sibling in info.siblings or []:
            base = Path(sibling.rfilename or "").name.lower()
            if not base.endswith(".gguf"):
                continue
            if base.startswith("mtp-") or (include_mmproj and "mmproj" in base):
                total += getattr(sibling, "size", 0) or 0
        return total
    except Exception as e:
        logger.warning(f"Could not size GGUF companions for {repo}: {e}")
        return 0


def _estimate_gguf_kv_gb(
    gguf_path: str,
    max_seq_length: int,
    llama_extra_args: Optional[list[str]] = None,
    n_parallel: int = 1,
) -> float:
    """KV-cache VRAM (GB) at the larger of max_seq_length and any `--ctx-size`/`-c`
    override, over n_parallel slots, with the default f16 cache so the estimate is
    never below what the server allocates. 0 if metadata is unreadable."""
    try:
        from core.inference.llama_server_args import parse_ctx_override

        probe = LlamaCppBackend()
        probe._read_gguf_metadata(gguf_path)
        if not probe._can_estimate_kv():
            return 0.0
        try:
            ctx_override = parse_ctx_override(llama_extra_args) or 0
        except Exception:
            ctx_override = 0  # malformed extras are rejected upstream; fall back
        ctx = max(max_seq_length or 0, ctx_override) or (probe._context_length or 0)
        if ctx <= 0:
            return 0.0
        kv = probe._estimate_kv_cache_bytes(ctx, n_parallel = max(1, n_parallel or 1))
        return kv / (1024**3)
    except Exception as e:
        logger.warning(f"Could not size GGUF KV cache for training guard: {e}")
        return 0.0


def _estimate_gguf_required_gb(
    config: ModelConfig,
    hf_token: Optional[str] = None,
    max_seq_length: int = 0,
    llama_extra_args: Optional[list[str]] = None,
    n_parallel: int = 1,
) -> Optional[float]:
    """Approximate GGUF VRAM (GB): quantized weights + companions, plus the KV
    cache for local files (unreadable pre-download for remote). None when nothing
    resolves so the caller default-denies."""
    try:
        total_bytes = 0
        main = getattr(config, "gguf_file", None)
        if main and Path(main).is_file():
            total_bytes += LlamaCppBackend._get_gguf_size_bytes(str(main))
        for attr in ("gguf_mmproj_file", "gguf_mtp_file"):
            f = getattr(config, attr, None)
            if f and Path(f).is_file():
                total_bytes += Path(f).stat().st_size
        if total_bytes > 0:
            return total_bytes / (1024**3) + _estimate_gguf_kv_gb(
                main, max_seq_length, llama_extra_args, n_parallel
            )

        repo = getattr(config, "gguf_hf_repo", None)
        variant = getattr(config, "gguf_variant", None)
        if repo and variant:
            from utils.models.model_config import list_gguf_variants

            variants, has_vision = list_gguf_variants(repo, hf_token = hf_token)
            main_bytes = next(
                (v.size_bytes for v in variants if v.quant.lower() == variant.lower()), None
            )
            if main_bytes is None:
                return None
            companions = _remote_gguf_companion_bytes(
                repo, hf_token = hf_token, include_mmproj = bool(has_vision)
            )
            return (main_bytes + companions) / (1024**3)
        return None
    except Exception as e:
        logger.warning(f"Could not size GGUF model for training guard: {e}")
        return None


def _guard_chat_load_against_training(
    config: ModelConfig,
    *,
    model_identifier: str,
    hf_token: Optional[str],
    load_in_4bit: bool,
    max_seq_length: int,
    requested_gpu_ids: Optional[List[int]],
    llama_extra_args: Optional[list[str]] = None,
    n_parallel: int = 1,
) -> None:
    """Refuse loading a local chat model that would OOM an active training run.
    No-op when training is inactive or unknown. `load_in_4bit` must be the
    effective quantization (see _effective_load_in_4bit). Raises HTTP 409 when the
    model would not fit alongside training."""
    from core.training import get_training_backend
    from routes.training_vram import can_load_chat_during_training

    try:
        if not get_training_backend().is_training_active():
            return
    except Exception as e:
        logger.warning("Could not check training state for chat-load guard: %s", e)
        return

    is_gguf = bool(getattr(config, "is_gguf", False))
    required_override_gb = (
        _estimate_gguf_required_gb(
            config,
            hf_token = hf_token,
            max_seq_length = max_seq_length,
            llama_extra_args = llama_extra_args,
            n_parallel = n_parallel,
        )
        if is_gguf
        else None
    )

    ok, info = can_load_chat_during_training(
        model_name = model_identifier,
        hf_token = hf_token,
        load_in_4bit = load_in_4bit,
        max_seq_length = max_seq_length,
        requested_gpu_ids = requested_gpu_ids,
        is_gguf = is_gguf,
        required_override_gb = required_override_gb,
    )
    if ok:
        return

    usable = info.get("usable_gb")
    needed = info.get("needed_gb")
    if needed is None:
        needed = info.get("required_gb")
    if needed is not None and usable is not None:
        detail = (
            f"Not enough free GPU memory to load this model while training is "
            f"running (needs ~{needed:.0f} GB including safety headroom, "
            f"~{usable:.0f} GB free). Training was left untouched. Use an external "
            f"provider, a smaller or more quantized model, or try again after "
            f"training finishes."
        )
    else:
        detail = (
            "Can't load this model while training is running: its GPU memory use "
            "could not be verified, so the load was refused to protect the "
            "training run. Use an external provider or try again after training "
            "finishes."
        )
    logger.info("Refusing chat-model load during training: %s", info)
    raise HTTPException(status_code = 409, detail = detail)


def _model_json_response(model, status_code: int = 200) -> Response:
    """Serialize a pydantic response once via pydantic-core.

    Equivalent body to ``JSONResponse(content = model.model_dump())`` but
    avoids the dict round-trip plus Starlette's second ``json.dumps``.
    """
    return Response(
        content = model.model_dump_json(),
        media_type = "application/json",
        status_code = status_code,
    )


_NOT_SUPPORTED_HINTS = (
    "No config file found",
    "not yet supported",
    "is not supported",
    "does not support",
)


def _maybe_unsupported_message(msg: str) -> str:
    """Rewrite a load/validate error into the friendly "not supported yet"
    message when it matches a known unsupported-model signature; otherwise
    return ``msg`` unchanged."""
    if any(h.lower() in msg.lower() for h in _NOT_SUPPORTED_HINTS):
        return f"This model is not supported yet. Try a different model. (Original error: {msg})"
    return msg


@router.post("/load", response_model = LoadResponse)
async def load_model(
    request: LoadRequest,
    fastapi_request: Request,
    current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject),
):
    """
    Load a model for inference.

    model_path is a clean identifier from GET /models/list. Returns inference
    config (temperature, top_p, top_k, min_p) from the model's YAML, falling
    back to default.yaml for missing values.

    GGUF models load via llama-server (llama.cpp) instead of Unsloth.
    """
    from core.inference.llama_cpp import LlamaServerNotFoundError

    native_grant_backed = False
    model_log_label = request.model_path
    try:
        # Validate user pass-through args up front so a managed-flag collision
        # returns 400 before any model work.
        try:
            extra_llama_args = validate_extra_args(request.llama_extra_args)
        except ValueError as exc:
            # Keep the curated validation message (names the flag); just strip paths.
            logger.warning("inference.validate_extra_args_failed: %s", exc)
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = redact_native_paths(str(exc)),
            )
        # Re-narrow []-from-None back to None so the inheritance path below can
        # tell "caller omitted" from "caller explicit []".
        extra_llama_args: Optional[list[str]] = (
            None if request.llama_extra_args is None else extra_llama_args
        )

        model_identifier, model_log_label, native_grant_backed = (
            _resolve_model_identifier_for_request(request, operation = "load-model")
        )
        # Version switching is handled by the subprocess-based inference
        # backend -- no ensure_transformers_version() needed here.

        # Resolve the effective chat-template override once, up front: an
        # explicit user override, else a bundled family template (e.g. the
        # gemma-4 override that ships preserve_thinking without re-downloading
        # quants), else None. Used for both the reload-dedup check below and the
        # load_model calls, so the live backend state and the incoming request
        # compare against the same template text.
        effective_chat_template_override = resolve_effective_chat_template_override(
            model_identifier = model_identifier,
            user_override = request.chat_template_override,
        )

        # Reclaim the GPU from the diffusion (Images) backend before any chat
        # load path — including the already-loaded fast path below, so chat
        # ownership is asserted without depending on chat/diffusion exclusivity
        # holding. No-op when diffusion isn't loaded.
        from core.inference.gpu_arbiter import acquire_for, CHAT

        await asyncio.to_thread(acquire_for, CHAT)

        # ── Already-loaded check: skip reload if the exact model is active ──
        backend = get_inference_backend()
        llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()

        is_direct_gguf_request = model_identifier.lower().endswith(".gguf")
        if request.gguf_variant or is_direct_gguf_request:
            gguf_variant_matches = is_direct_gguf_request or bool(
                llama_backend.hf_variant
                and request.gguf_variant
                and llama_backend.hf_variant.lower() == request.gguf_variant.lower()
            )
            if (
                llama_backend.is_loaded
                and gguf_variant_matches
                and llama_backend.model_identifier
                and llama_backend.model_identifier.lower() == model_identifier.lower()
                # Match runtime settings so Apply isn't dropped (#5401).
                and _request_matches_loaded_settings(
                    request,
                    llama_backend,
                    effective_chat_template_override,
                )
                # Skip if a prior audio probe failed -- let load_model retry.
                and getattr(llama_backend, "_audio_probed", True)
            ):
                logger.info(
                    "Model already loaded (GGUF): "
                    f"{model_log_label} variant={request.gguf_variant or llama_backend.hf_variant}, skipping reload"
                )
                inference_config = load_inference_config(llama_backend.model_identifier)

                _gguf_audio = getattr(llama_backend, "_audio_type", None)
                _gguf_is_audio = getattr(llama_backend, "_is_audio", False)
                return LoadResponse(
                    status = "already_loaded",
                    model = model_log_label
                    if native_grant_backed
                    else llama_backend.model_identifier,
                    display_name = model_log_label
                    if native_grant_backed
                    else llama_backend.model_identifier,
                    is_vision = llama_backend._is_vision,
                    is_lora = False,
                    is_gguf = True,
                    is_diffusion = llama_backend.is_diffusion,
                    is_audio = _gguf_is_audio,
                    audio_type = _gguf_audio,
                    has_audio_input = getattr(llama_backend, "_has_audio_input", False),
                    inference = inference_config,
                    # GGUF loads via llama.cpp: auto_map never executes, so inert (matches validate_model).
                    requires_trust_remote_code = False,
                    context_length = llama_backend.context_length,
                    max_context_length = llama_backend.max_context_length,
                    native_context_length = llama_backend.native_context_length,
                    supports_reasoning = llama_backend.supports_reasoning,
                    reasoning_style = llama_backend.reasoning_style,
                    reasoning_effort_levels = llama_backend.reasoning_effort_levels,
                    reasoning_always_on = llama_backend.reasoning_always_on,
                    supports_preserve_thinking = llama_backend.supports_preserve_thinking,
                    supports_tools = llama_backend.supports_tools,
                    chat_template = llama_backend.chat_template,
                    speculative_type = llama_backend.requested_spec_mode,
                    spec_draft_n_max = llama_backend.spec_draft_n_max,
                    tensor_parallel = llama_backend.tensor_parallel,
                )
        else:
            if (
                backend.active_model_name
                and backend.active_model_name.lower() == model_identifier.lower()
            ):
                logger.info(f"Model already loaded (Unsloth): {model_log_label}, skipping reload")
                inference_config = load_inference_config(backend.active_model_name)
                _model_info = backend.models.get(backend.active_model_name, {})
                _chat_template = None
                try:
                    _tpl_info = _model_info.get("chat_template_info", {})
                    _chat_template = _tpl_info.get("template")
                except Exception as e:
                    logger.warning(
                        f"Could not retrieve chat template for {backend.active_model_name}: {e}"
                    )
                # Classify via the same path as GGUF.
                _sf_flags = _detect_safetensors_features(backend, _chat_template)
                _sf_supports_reasoning = _sf_flags["supports_reasoning"]
                _sf_reasoning_style = _sf_flags["reasoning_style"]
                return LoadResponse(
                    status = "already_loaded",
                    model = model_log_label if native_grant_backed else backend.active_model_name,
                    display_name = model_log_label
                    if native_grant_backed
                    else backend.active_model_name,
                    is_vision = _model_info.get("is_vision", False),
                    is_lora = _model_info.get("is_lora", False),
                    is_gguf = False,
                    is_audio = _model_info.get("is_audio", False),
                    audio_type = _model_info.get("audio_type"),
                    has_audio_input = _model_info.get("has_audio_input", False),
                    inference = inference_config,
                    requires_trust_remote_code = _resolve_loaded_trust_remote_code(
                        backend.active_model_name, _model_info, inference_config
                    ),
                    supports_reasoning = _sf_supports_reasoning,
                    reasoning_style = _sf_reasoning_style,
                    reasoning_effort_levels = _sf_flags.get("reasoning_effort_levels", []),
                    reasoning_always_on = _sf_flags["reasoning_always_on"],
                    supports_preserve_thinking = _sf_flags["supports_preserve_thinking"],
                    supports_tools = _sf_flags["supports_tools"],
                    context_length = _positive_int_or_none(_model_info.get("context_length")),
                    chat_template = _chat_template,
                )

        # is_lora auto-detected from adapter_config.json on disk/HF.
        # DNS-probe wrap so offline loads skip 30-60s of soft-failed network
        # checks before the worker starts.
        with _hf_offline_if_dns_dead():
            config = ModelConfig.from_identifier(
                model_id = model_identifier,
                hf_token = request.hf_token,
                gguf_variant = request.gguf_variant,
            )

        if not config:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = f"Invalid model identifier: {model_log_label}",
            )

        # Normalize gpu_ids: empty list means auto-selection, same as None
        effective_gpu_ids = request.gpu_ids if request.gpu_ids else None

        # Reject GGUF + gpu_ids first so the guard can't mask it with a VRAM 409.
        if config.is_gguf and effective_gpu_ids is not None:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = "gpu_ids is not supported for GGUF models yet.",
            )

        # Effective quantization (LoRA can flip 4-bit -> 16-bit); guard + load reuse it.
        effective_load_in_4bit = _effective_load_in_4bit(config, request.load_in_4bit)
        if effective_load_in_4bit != request.load_in_4bit:
            logger.info(
                f"Resolved load_in_4bit={effective_load_in_4bit} for '{model_log_label}' "
                f"from adapter_config.json / base model (requested {request.load_in_4bit})"
            )

        # Refuse a load that would OOM active training, before the unload step below
        # frees the resident model. Off-loop: guard does sync nvidia-smi / HF work.
        await asyncio.to_thread(
            _guard_chat_load_against_training,
            config,
            model_identifier = model_identifier,
            hf_token = request.hf_token,
            load_in_4bit = effective_load_in_4bit,
            max_seq_length = request.max_seq_length,
            requested_gpu_ids = effective_gpu_ids,
            llama_extra_args = extra_llama_args,
            n_parallel = getattr(fastapi_request.app.state, "llama_parallel_slots", 1),
        )

        # ── GGUF path: load via llama-server ──────────────────────
        if config.is_gguf:
            llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
            unsloth_backend = get_inference_backend()

            # Unload any active Unsloth model to free VRAM
            if unsloth_backend.active_model_name:
                logger.info(
                    f"Unloading Unsloth model '{unsloth_backend.active_model_name}' before loading GGUF"
                )
                unsloth_backend.unload_model(unsloth_backend.active_model_name)

            # Inherit llama_extra_args from the previous load when the request
            # omits the field (the chat-settings Apply path doesn't round-trip
            # them; explicit [] still clears). Gated on (model_identifier,
            # hf_variant) to refuse cross-model pickup, and shadowing flags are
            # stripped so an inherited override can't win the last-wins CLI
            # parse against a freshly-supplied first-class field.
            if request.llama_extra_args is None and llama_backend.extra_args:
                source = llama_backend.extra_args_source
                # Compare against the resolved variant, not the request
                # field: callers commonly omit gguf_variant for local
                # ``.gguf`` paths and HF auto-pick flows. ``config.gguf_
                # variant`` is the variant load_model was actually
                # invoked with (see the HF / local branches below), so
                # both sides of the comparison key off the same string.
                resolved_variant = (config.gguf_variant or "").lower()
                request_variant = (request.gguf_variant or "").lower()
                stored_variant = (source[1] or "").lower() if source else ""
                same_model = bool(
                    source and source[0] and source[0].lower() == model_identifier.lower()
                )
                if request.gguf_variant:
                    variant_mismatch = request_variant != stored_variant
                else:
                    variant_mismatch = bool(stored_variant and resolved_variant != stored_variant)
                same_source = same_model and not variant_mismatch
                if not same_source:
                    logger.info(
                        "Not inheriting llama_extra_args: stored args came from %s, loading %s",
                        source,
                        (model_identifier, resolved_variant),
                    )
                    # Cross-model: clear explicitly so the backend doesn't
                    # inherit via "no opinion" semantics.
                    extra_llama_args = []
                else:
                    # Strip only the groups whose first-class field was set by
                    # the caller, so an inherited --chat-template-file survives
                    # an Apply that omits chat_template_override. A bundled family
                    # template (e.g. the gemma-4 override) is an effective
                    # first-class template setting even when the raw request
                    # omits chat_template_override, so strip the inherited
                    # --chat-template-file in that case too -- otherwise the stale
                    # extra arg (appended last) shadows the bundled template while
                    # Studio reports the bundled template's capabilities.
                    fields_set = getattr(request, "model_fields_set", set())
                    stripped = strip_shadowing_flags(
                        llama_backend.extra_args,
                        strip_context = "max_seq_length" in fields_set,
                        strip_cache = "cache_type_kv" in fields_set,
                        strip_spec = (
                            "speculative_type" in fields_set or "spec_draft_n_max" in fields_set
                        ),
                        strip_template = (
                            "chat_template_override" in fields_set
                            or effective_chat_template_override is not None
                        ),
                        strip_split_mode = _should_strip_split_mode(
                            request, llama_backend.extra_args
                        ),
                    )
                    try:
                        extra_llama_args = validate_extra_args(stripped)
                    except ValueError:
                        # Shouldn't happen on already-validated args; degrade to
                        # no-extras rather than 400 if managed flags changed.
                        logger.warning(
                            "Stored llama_extra_args failed revalidation; loading without them: %s",
                            stripped,
                        )
                        extra_llama_args = []
                    else:
                        if extra_llama_args:
                            logger.info(
                                "Inheriting llama_extra_args from previous "
                                "load (same model, shadow-stripped): %s",
                                extra_llama_args,
                            )

            # Route to HF or local mode based on config. Run in a thread so the
            # event loop stays free for progress polling and other requests
            # during the (potentially long) GGUF download + llama-server start.
            _n_parallel = getattr(fastapi_request.app.state, "llama_parallel_slots", 1)

            # Load kwargs common to HF and local modes; the two differ only by
            # the model-source args (hf_repo/-token vs gguf_path/mmproj).
            _common_load_kwargs = dict(
                model_identifier = config.identifier,
                is_vision = config.is_vision,
                n_ctx = request.max_seq_length,
                chat_template_override = effective_chat_template_override,
                cache_type_kv = request.cache_type_kv,
                speculative_type = request.speculative_type,
                spec_draft_n_max = request.spec_draft_n_max,
                n_parallel = _n_parallel,
            )
            if config.gguf_hf_repo:
                # HF mode: download via huggingface_hub then start llama-server
                _source_load_kwargs = dict(
                    hf_repo = config.gguf_hf_repo,
                    hf_variant = config.gguf_variant,
                    hf_token = request.hf_token,
                )
            else:
                # Local mode: llama-server loads via -m <path>
                if native_grant_backed:
                    if config.gguf_mmproj_file:
                        _validate_native_gguf_companion(
                            config.gguf_mmproj_file, config.gguf_file, "vision companion"
                        )
                    if config.gguf_mtp_file:
                        # The drafter is optional (unlike mmproj for a vision
                        # model): drop it rather than fail the load.
                        try:
                            _validate_native_gguf_companion(
                                config.gguf_mtp_file, config.gguf_file, "MTP drafter"
                            )
                        except HTTPException as exc:
                            logger.warning("Dropping MTP drafter for native load: %s", exc.detail)
                            config.gguf_mtp_file = None
                _source_load_kwargs = dict(
                    gguf_path = config.gguf_file,
                    mmproj_path = config.gguf_mmproj_file,
                    mtp_draft_path = config.gguf_mtp_file,
                    # Pass the resolved variant so _extra_args_source keys off
                    # the same string the inheritance check at the top of /load
                    # uses (#5401 followup).
                    hf_variant = config.gguf_variant,
                )

            # Tensor intent for this load: the request itself, or a preserved
            # multi-GPU layer fallback carried across a reload of the SAME model that
            # doesn't drop it (e.g. a ctx-only change), so a fitting model doesn't
            # silently collapse to one GPU. Only an explicit non-tensor --split-mode
            # override counts as the drop -- the tensor field echo / unrelated extras keep
            # the preserved placement; the same-model guard stops a switch-without-unload
            # inheriting the prior model's intent.
            _explicit_tensor_drop = _is_explicit_tensor_drop(request)
            # Compare the resolved config.identifier (what load_model stores), not the
            # raw request id: from_identifier normalizes shorthands (adds unsloth/, fixes
            # case), so a reload with the shorthand would otherwise miss the match and
            # drop the carry-forward. #6659
            _same_model_loaded = (
                llama_backend.is_loaded
                and (llama_backend.model_identifier or "").lower()
                == (config.identifier or "").lower()
            )
            # model_identifier is variant-agnostic for HF repos and dir-level for a
            # local multi-variant directory, so also require the loaded quant to match
            # (path else variant, mirroring _already_in_target_state) -- otherwise a
            # different variant inherits the prior one's preserved intent. #6659
            if _same_model_loaded:
                if config.gguf_file and llama_backend.gguf_path:
                    try:
                        _same_model_loaded = (
                            Path(llama_backend.gguf_path).resolve()
                            == Path(config.gguf_file).resolve()
                        )
                    except OSError:
                        _same_model_loaded = False
                else:
                    _same_model_loaded = (llama_backend.hf_variant or "").lower() == (
                        config.gguf_variant or ""
                    ).lower()
            _tensor_intent_overall = _effective_tensor_parallel(
                extra_llama_args, request.tensor_parallel
            ) or _carry_preserved_tensor_intent(
                preserved = llama_backend.layer_preserves_tensor_intent,
                same_model = _same_model_loaded,
                explicit_drop = _explicit_tensor_drop,
            )

            # Run a single load attempt with the given tensor flag + extras.
            async def _attempt_gguf_load(
                tensor_parallel: bool, attempt_extra_args: Optional[list[str]]
            ) -> bool:
                attempt_kwargs = {
                    **_common_load_kwargs,
                    "extra_args": attempt_extra_args,
                }
                return await asyncio.to_thread(
                    llama_backend.load_model,
                    **_source_load_kwargs,
                    **attempt_kwargs,
                    tensor_parallel = tensor_parallel,
                    # True on the layer fallback retry (tensor wanted overall but not on
                    # this attempt): keep multi-GPU. Mirrors the fallback's key.
                    preserve_multi_gpu_on_layer = bool(
                        _tensor_intent_overall
                        and not _effective_tensor_parallel(attempt_extra_args, tensor_parallel)
                    ),
                )

            # Tensor parallelism is arch-gated in llama.cpp and crashes some loads
            # outright (e.g. Gemma 3n aborts with a GGML_ASSERT). The helper auto-
            # falls back to layer split so the checkbox never blocks a model from
            # loading; the response reports the backend's actual tensor_parallel
            # state so the UI toggle reflects the fallback.
            success = await load_with_tensor_fallback(
                _attempt_gguf_load,
                requested_tensor = request.tensor_parallel,
                extra_args = extra_llama_args,
                label = config.identifier,
                cancelled = llama_backend.load_cancelled,
            )

            if not success:
                raise HTTPException(
                    status_code = 500,
                    detail = f"Failed to load GGUF model: {model_log_label if native_grant_backed else config.display_name}",
                )

            logger.info(
                f"Loaded GGUF model via llama-server: {model_log_label if native_grant_backed else config.identifier}"
            )

            # Audio detection moved into load_model under _serial_load_lock (#5642).
            _gguf_audio = llama_backend._audio_type
            _gguf_is_audio = llama_backend._is_audio
            llama_backend._native_display_label = model_log_label if native_grant_backed else None
            llama_backend._native_grant_backed = bool(native_grant_backed)
            if _gguf_is_audio:
                logger.info(f"GGUF model detected as audio: audio_type={_gguf_audio}")

            inference_config = load_inference_config(config.identifier)

            return LoadResponse(
                status = "loaded",
                model = model_log_label if native_grant_backed else config.identifier,
                display_name = model_log_label if native_grant_backed else config.display_name,
                is_vision = llama_backend.is_vision,
                is_lora = False,
                is_gguf = True,
                is_diffusion = llama_backend.is_diffusion,
                is_audio = _gguf_is_audio,
                audio_type = _gguf_audio,
                has_audio_input = llama_backend._has_audio_input,
                inference = inference_config,
                # GGUF loads via llama.cpp: auto_map never executes, so inert (matches validate_model).
                requires_trust_remote_code = False,
                context_length = llama_backend.context_length,
                max_context_length = llama_backend.max_context_length,
                native_context_length = llama_backend.native_context_length,
                supports_reasoning = llama_backend.supports_reasoning,
                reasoning_style = llama_backend.reasoning_style,
                reasoning_effort_levels = llama_backend.reasoning_effort_levels,
                reasoning_always_on = llama_backend.reasoning_always_on,
                supports_preserve_thinking = llama_backend.supports_preserve_thinking,
                supports_tools = llama_backend.supports_tools,
                cache_type_kv = llama_backend.cache_type_kv,
                chat_template = llama_backend.chat_template,
                speculative_type = llama_backend.requested_spec_mode,
                spec_draft_n_max = llama_backend.spec_draft_n_max,
                tensor_parallel = llama_backend.tensor_parallel,
            )

        # ── Standard path: load via Unsloth/transformers ──────────
        backend = get_inference_backend()

        # Unload any active GGUF model first
        llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
        if llama_backend.is_loaded:
            logger.info("Unloading GGUF model before loading Unsloth model")
            llama_backend.unload_model()

        # Shut down any export subprocess to free VRAM
        try:
            from core.export import get_export_backend
            exp_backend = get_export_backend()
            if exp_backend.current_checkpoint:
                logger.info("Shutting down export subprocess to free GPU memory for inference")
                exp_backend._shutdown_subprocess()
                exp_backend.current_checkpoint = None
                exp_backend.is_vision = False
                exp_backend.is_peft = False
        except Exception as e:
            logger.warning("Could not shut down export subprocess: %s", e)

        # Resolved before the guard so both size the same load.
        load_in_4bit = effective_load_in_4bit

        # Load in a thread so the event loop stays free for download progress
        # polling and other requests.
        success = await asyncio.to_thread(
            backend.load_model,
            config = config,
            max_seq_length = request.max_seq_length,
            load_in_4bit = load_in_4bit,
            hf_token = request.hf_token,
            trust_remote_code = request.trust_remote_code,
            approved_remote_code_fingerprint = request.approved_remote_code_fingerprint,
            gpu_ids = effective_gpu_ids,
            subject = current_subject,
        )

        if not success:
            # Check if YAML says this model needs trust_remote_code.
            if not request.trust_remote_code:
                model_defaults = load_model_defaults(config.identifier)
                yaml_trust = model_defaults.get("inference", {}).get("trust_remote_code", False)
                if yaml_trust:
                    raise HTTPException(
                        status_code = 400,
                        detail = (
                            f"Model '{config.display_name}' requires trust_remote_code to be enabled. "
                            f"Please enable 'Trust remote code' in Chat Settings and try again."
                        ),
                    )
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 500,
                detail = f"Failed to load model: {model_log_label if native_grant_backed else config.display_name}",
            )

        logger.info(
            f"Loaded model: {model_log_label if native_grant_backed else config.identifier}"
        )

        # Load inference configuration parameters
        inference_config = load_inference_config(config.identifier)

        # Get chat template from tokenizer
        _chat_template = None
        try:
            _model_info = backend.models.get(config.identifier, {})
            _tpl_info = _model_info.get("chat_template_info", {})
            _chat_template = _tpl_info.get("template")
        except Exception:
            pass

        # Classify reasoning/tool flags via the GGUF sniffer.
        _sf_flags = _detect_safetensors_features(backend, _chat_template)

        # Report validate_model's requirement (raw auto_map OR YAML) plus the value the
        # load used, and persist it, so a later retry/rollback doesn't send
        # trust_remote_code=false for a custom-code model (and status reports it too).
        _requires_rc = _resolve_loaded_trust_remote_code(
            config.identifier,
            None,
            inference_config,
            request.hf_token,
            trust_remote_code_used = bool(getattr(request, "trust_remote_code", False)),
        )
        try:
            backend.models.setdefault(config.identifier, {})["requires_trust_remote_code"] = (
                _requires_rc
            )
        except Exception:
            pass

        return LoadResponse(
            status = "loaded",
            model = model_log_label if native_grant_backed else config.identifier,
            display_name = model_log_label if native_grant_backed else config.display_name,
            is_vision = config.is_vision,
            is_lora = config.is_lora,
            is_gguf = False,
            is_audio = config.is_audio,
            audio_type = config.audio_type,
            has_audio_input = config.has_audio_input,
            inference = inference_config,
            requires_trust_remote_code = _requires_rc,
            supports_reasoning = _sf_flags["supports_reasoning"],
            reasoning_style = _sf_flags["reasoning_style"],
            reasoning_effort_levels = _sf_flags.get("reasoning_effort_levels", []),
            reasoning_always_on = _sf_flags["reasoning_always_on"],
            supports_preserve_thinking = _sf_flags["supports_preserve_thinking"],
            supports_tools = _sf_flags["supports_tools"],
            context_length = _positive_int_or_none(_model_info.get("context_length")),
            chat_template = _chat_template,
        )

    except HTTPException:
        raise
    except ValueError as e:
        if native_grant_backed:
            redacted_msg = redact_native_paths(str(e))
            logger.warning(
                "Rejected inference selection for native model %s: %s",
                model_log_label,
                redacted_msg,
            )
            raise HTTPException(status_code = 400, detail = redacted_msg)
        logger.warning("Rejected inference GPU selection: %s", e)
        # User-facing validation (e.g. "Invalid gpu_ids [99]"): redact paths, keep detail.
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 400, detail = redact_native_paths(str(e)))
    except LlamaServerNotFoundError as e:
        # Missing GGUF runtime: 400 with the install message, not a generic 500.
        logger.warning("GGUF runtime missing while loading '%s': %s", model_log_label, e)
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 400, detail = str(e))
    except Exception as e:
        # Friendlier message for models Unsloth cannot load.
        if native_grant_backed:
            redacted_msg = redact_native_paths(str(e))
            logger.error(
                "Error loading native model %s: %s",
                model_log_label,
                redacted_msg,
            )
            msg = _maybe_unsupported_message(redacted_msg)
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 500,
                detail = f"Failed to load native model {model_log_label}: {msg}",
            )
        logger.error(f"Error loading model: {e}", exc_info = True)
        msg = _maybe_unsupported_message(redact_native_paths(str(e)))
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 500, detail = f"Failed to load model: {msg}")


def _requires_trust_remote_code_for_model(
    model_identifier: str, hf_token: Optional[str] = None
) -> bool:
    """Whether loading this model would execute custom repo code, so the consent
    dialog must run first. True if the Studio YAML default enables
    ``trust_remote_code`` OR the raw config declares an ``auto_map`` (Hub/local,
    config.json or tokenizer_config.json). Reads raw JSON only; never imports
    model code."""
    from utils.inference import load_inference_config

    try:
        if bool(load_inference_config(model_identifier).get("trust_remote_code", False)):
            return True
    except Exception:
        pass
    try:
        from utils.security.consent import _config_has_auto_map
        return _config_has_auto_map(model_identifier, hf_token) is True
    except Exception:
        return False


def _resolve_loaded_trust_remote_code(
    model_id,
    model_info,
    inference_config,
    hf_token = None,
    trust_remote_code_used = False,
) -> bool:
    """TRC requirement to report for an ALREADY-LOADED model, consistent with
    ``validate_model``.

    ``validate_model`` reports ``requires_trust_remote_code`` from
    ``_requires_trust_remote_code_for_model`` (YAML default OR raw ``auto_map``), but
    the load / already-loaded / status responses historically reported only the YAML
    default. That dropped raw-``auto_map`` models: after approving and loading one, the
    response said ``false``, so the frontend stored ``false`` and a later retry/rollback
    sent ``trust_remote_code=false`` and failed.

    Resolution order: a value stored on the model at load time (so a status refresh does
    not re-derive it) -> the trust_remote_code the load actually used -> the YAML default
    -> the raw ``auto_map`` check (reads the loaded model's cached config; no network)."""
    stored = (model_info or {}).get("requires_trust_remote_code")
    if stored is not None:
        return bool(stored)
    if trust_remote_code_used or bool((inference_config or {}).get("trust_remote_code", False)):
        return True
    try:
        return bool(_requires_trust_remote_code_for_model(model_id, hf_token))
    except Exception:
        return False


def _requires_security_review_for_model(
    model_identifier: str, hf_token: Optional[str] = None
) -> bool:
    """Whether Hugging Face's security scan flagged unsafe files for this repo, so
    the consent dialog must open as a hard block before loading. Metadata-only;
    never downloads the flagged files. Fails open (False) on any error."""
    try:
        from utils.security import evaluate_file_security, security_load_subdirs
        return evaluate_file_security(
            model_identifier,
            hf_token,
            load_subdirs = security_load_subdirs(model_identifier, hf_token),
        ).blocked
    except Exception:
        return False


@router.post("/validate", response_model = ValidateModelResponse)
async def validate_model(
    request: ValidateModelRequest, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)
):
    """
    Lightweight validation endpoint for model identifiers.

    Checks that ModelConfig.from_identifier() can resolve model_path, but does
    NOT load model weights into GPU memory.
    """
    from core.inference.llama_cpp import LlamaServerNotFoundError

    native_grant_backed = False
    model_log_label = request.model_path
    try:
        model_identifier, model_log_label, native_grant_backed = (
            _resolve_model_identifier_for_request(request, operation = "validate-model")
        )
        config = ModelConfig.from_identifier(
            model_id = model_identifier,
            hf_token = request.hf_token,
            gguf_variant = request.gguf_variant,
        )

        if not config:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = f"Invalid model identifier: {model_log_label}",
            )

        # Refuse early (before the frontend unloads to load this) if it can't fit
        # alongside training, using the same settings /load uses so they agree.
        effective_gpu_ids = request.gpu_ids if request.gpu_ids else None
        # Mirror /load: reject GGUF + gpu_ids before the guard so both return 400.
        if config.is_gguf and effective_gpu_ids is not None:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = "gpu_ids is not supported for GGUF models yet.",
            )
        effective_load_in_4bit = _effective_load_in_4bit(config, request.load_in_4bit)
        # Off-loop: guard does sync nvidia-smi / HF work.
        await asyncio.to_thread(
            _guard_chat_load_against_training,
            config,
            model_identifier = model_identifier,
            hf_token = request.hf_token,
            load_in_4bit = effective_load_in_4bit,
            max_seq_length = request.max_seq_length,
            requested_gpu_ids = effective_gpu_ids,
        )

        # Both checks cover the [adapter, base] set (matching the scan route and workers):
        # either repo can ship auto_map code or a poisoned pickle.
        security_targets = [config.identifier]
        try:
            from utils.models.model_config import get_base_model_from_lora_identifier

            # Resolve a LOCAL or REMOTE adapter's base so its code/weights are reviewed too.
            _base = get_base_model_from_lora_identifier(model_identifier, request.hf_token)
            if _base:
                security_targets.append(_base)
        except Exception:
            pass
        security_targets = list(dict.fromkeys(security_targets))

        is_gguf = getattr(config, "is_gguf", False)
        # A selected GGUF loads via llama.cpp: auto_map Python and root pickle weights in a
        # mixed repo are inert for this load, so gating on them is a false positive. Only
        # run the remote-code/security preflight for non-GGUF loads.
        requires_trust_remote_code = False
        requires_security_review = False
        if not is_gguf:
            requires_trust_remote_code = any(
                _requires_trust_remote_code_for_model(_t, request.hf_token)
                for _t in security_targets
            )
            requires_security_review = any(
                _requires_security_review_for_model(_t, request.hf_token) for _t in security_targets
            )
        # Native context length, read from the local GGUF header when present.
        # Lets the staged ("Load on selection" off) flow populate the context
        # slider before the GPU load; None until the file is downloaded.
        context_length: Optional[int] = None
        if request.include_context_length and is_gguf:
            from hub.utils.gguf import resolve_local_gguf_path
            from utils.models.gguf_metadata import read_gguf_context_length

            # Best-effort: a header-read failure must never fail validation of an
            # otherwise-valid model (the outer except turns it into a 400).
            try:
                if native_grant_backed:
                    # model_identifier is the resolved canonical .gguf path.
                    local_gguf = model_identifier
                else:
                    # Local folder / exported GGUFs already have their file
                    # resolved on the config (gguf_file is None for HF repos, so
                    # those fall back to the HF-cache lookup).
                    local_gguf = config.gguf_file or resolve_local_gguf_path(
                        model_identifier, request.gguf_variant
                    )
                if local_gguf:
                    context_length = read_gguf_context_length(local_gguf)
            except Exception as e:
                logger.debug("Context-length probe failed for %s: %s", model_log_label, e)

        return ValidateModelResponse(
            valid = True,
            message = "Model identifier is valid.",
            identifier = model_log_label if native_grant_backed else config.identifier,
            display_name = model_log_label
            if native_grant_backed
            else getattr(config, "display_name", config.identifier),
            is_gguf = is_gguf,
            is_lora = getattr(config, "is_lora", False),
            is_vision = getattr(config, "is_vision", False),
            requires_trust_remote_code = requires_trust_remote_code,
            requires_security_review = requires_security_review,
            context_length = context_length,
        )

    except HTTPException:
        raise
    except LlamaServerNotFoundError as e:
        # Missing GGUF runtime: 400 with the install message, not a generic "Invalid model".
        logger.warning("GGUF runtime missing while validating '%s': %s", request.model_path, e)
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 400, detail = str(e))
    except Exception as e:
        if native_grant_backed:
            redacted_msg = redact_native_paths(str(e))
            logger.error(
                "Error validating native model %s: %s",
                model_log_label,
                redacted_msg,
            )
            msg = _maybe_unsupported_message(redacted_msg)
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = f"Invalid native model {model_log_label}: {msg}",
            )
        logger.error(
            f"Error validating model identifier '{request.model_path}': {e}",
            exc_info = True,
        )
        # RuntimeError / ValueError carry intentional, actionable messages here
        # (e.g. "llama-server binary not found - cannot load GGUF models. Run
        # setup.sh ..."), so surface them instead of a blank "Invalid model".
        # Path-redact for safety and keep any other exception type generic so an
        # unexpected internal error never leaks its details to the client.
        if isinstance(e, (RuntimeError, ValueError)):
            msg = redact_native_paths(str(e)).strip()
            if msg:
                msg = _maybe_unsupported_message(msg)
                raise HTTPException(
                    status_code = 400,
                    detail = msg,
                )
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = "Invalid model",
        )


@router.post("/unload", response_model = UnloadResponse)
async def unload_model(request: UnloadRequest, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    """
    Unload a model from memory.
    Routes to the correct backend (llama-server for GGUF, Unsloth otherwise).
    """
    try:
        # Check if the GGUF backend has this model loaded or is loading it.
        llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
        if llama_backend.is_active and (
            llama_backend.model_identifier == request.model_path
            or is_registered_native_path_label(llama_backend.model_identifier, request.model_path)
            or not llama_backend.is_loaded
        ):
            llama_backend.unload_model()
            logger.info(f"Unloaded GGUF model: {request.model_path}")
            return UnloadResponse(status = "unloaded", model = request.model_path)

        # Otherwise, unload from Unsloth backend
        backend = get_inference_backend()
        backend.unload_model(request.model_path)
        logger.info(f"Unloaded model: {request.model_path}")
        return UnloadResponse(status = "unloaded", model = request.model_path)

    except Exception as e:
        logger.error(f"Error unloading model: {e}", exc_info = True)
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 500, detail = "Failed to unload model")


@studio_router.post("/cancel")
async def cancel_inference(request: Request, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    """Cancel in-flight inference requests.

    Body (JSON, at least one key required):
      cancel_id    - preferred: per-run UUID, matched exclusively.
      session_id   - fallback when cancel_id is absent.
      completion_id - fallback when cancel_id is absent.

    A cancel_id arriving before its stream registers is stashed briefly and
    replayed on registration. Returns {"cancelled": N}.
    """
    try:
        body = await request.json()
        if not isinstance(body, dict):
            body = {}
    except Exception as e:
        logger.debug("Failed to parse cancel request body: %s", e)
        body = {}

    cancel_id = body.get("cancel_id")
    if isinstance(cancel_id, str) and cancel_id:
        return {"cancelled": _cancel_by_cancel_id_or_stash(cancel_id)}

    keys = []
    # `message_id` is the Anthropic passthrough's per-run identifier, so
    # /v1/messages clients can cancel by their native id.
    for k in ("completion_id", "session_id", "message_id"):
        v = body.get(k)
        if isinstance(v, str) and v:
            keys.append(v)

    if not keys:
        return {"cancelled": 0}

    n = _cancel_by_keys(keys)
    return {"cancelled": n}


@studio_router.post("/tool-confirm")
async def confirm_tool_call(
    request: ToolConfirmRequest, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)
):
    matched = resolve_tool_decision(
        request.approval_id,
        request.decision,
        session_id = request.session_id,
    )
    if not matched:
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 404, detail = "No pending tool call confirmation")
    return {"resolved": True}


@studio_router.get("/monitor")
async def get_api_monitor(current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    """Return recent OpenAI-compatible API activity for Studio."""
    active_model = _monitor_active_model()
    active_requests = api_monitor.active_count(subject = current_subject)
    if active_requests:
        operating_status = "generating"
    elif active_model:
        operating_status = "ready"
    else:
        operating_status = "idle"
    return {
        "status": operating_status,
        "active_model": active_model,
        "context_length": _monitor_context_length(),
        "active_requests": active_requests,
        "entries": api_monitor.snapshot(include_details = False, subject = current_subject),
    }


@studio_router.get("/monitor/{entry_id}")
async def get_api_monitor_entry(entry_id: str, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    """Return full prompt/reply details for one OpenAI-compatible API request."""
    entry = api_monitor.get(entry_id, subject = current_subject)
    if entry is None:
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 404, detail = "Monitor entry not found")
    return entry


@router.post("/generate/stream")
async def generate_stream(
    request: GenerateRequest,
    fastapi_request: Request,
    current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject),
):
    """
    Generate a chat response with Server-Sent Events (SSE) streaming.

    For vision models, provide image_base64 (base64-encoded image).
    """
    backend = get_inference_backend()

    if not backend.active_model_name:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400, detail = "No model loaded. Call POST /inference/load first."
        )

    # Decode image if provided (vision models)
    image = None
    if request.image_base64:
        try:
            import base64
            from PIL import Image
            from io import BytesIO

            # Check current model supports vision
            model_info = backend.models.get(backend.active_model_name, {})
            if not model_info.get("is_vision"):
                raise HTTPException(
                    status_code = 400,
                    detail = "Image provided but current model is text-only. Load a vision model.",
                )

            image_data = base64.b64decode(request.image_base64)
            image = Image.open(BytesIO(image_data))
            image = backend.resize_image(image)

        except HTTPException:
            raise
        except Exception as e:
            raise log_and_http_error(
                e,
                400,
                "Failed to decode image",
                event = "inference.decode_image_failed",
                log = logger,
            )

    cancel_event = threading.Event()

    async def stream():
        gen = None
        completed = False
        # Cancel the generation when the client disconnects. The generator only
        # awaits asyncio.to_thread(next, gen, ...), so without a concurrent
        # watcher a disconnect during a long prefill/generation would go
        # unnoticed until the next send and the backend would keep generating.
        disconnect_watcher = asyncio.create_task(
            _await_disconnect_then_cancel(fastapi_request, cancel_event)
        )
        try:
            gen = backend.generate_chat_response(
                messages = request.messages,
                system_prompt = request.system_prompt,
                image = image,
                temperature = request.temperature,
                top_p = request.top_p,
                top_k = request.top_k,
                max_new_tokens = request.max_new_tokens,
                repetition_penalty = request.repetition_penalty,
                cancel_event = cancel_event,
            )
            _DONE = object()
            while True:
                if cancel_event.is_set():
                    # The disconnect watcher set cancel_event between chunks.
                    # Reset the backend here: closing the Python generator does
                    # not signal a subprocess backend, so without this it keeps
                    # decoding after the client is gone. The finally's reset is
                    # guarded on cancel_event being unset, so it will not run
                    # again for this path.
                    backend.reset_generation_state()
                    break
                chunk = await asyncio.to_thread(next, gen, _DONE)
                if chunk is _DONE:
                    completed = True
                    break
                yield f"data: {json.dumps({'content': chunk})}\n\n"
            if completed:
                yield "data: [DONE]\n\n"

        except asyncio.CancelledError:
            cancel_event.set()
            backend.reset_generation_state()
            raise
        except Exception as e:
            cancel_event.set()
            backend.reset_generation_state()
            logger.error(f"Error during generation: {e}", exc_info = True)
            yield f"data: {json.dumps({'error': _friendly_error(e)})}\n\n"
        finally:
            await _stop_local_disconnect_cancel_watcher(disconnect_watcher)
            if not completed and not cancel_event.is_set():
                cancel_event.set()
                backend.reset_generation_state()
            if gen is not None:
                try:
                    await asyncio.to_thread(gen.close)
                except (RuntimeError, ValueError):
                    pass

    return _sse_streaming_response(stream())


@router.get("/status", response_model = InferenceStatusResponse)
async def get_status(current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    """
    Get current inference backend status.
    Reports whichever backend (Unsloth or llama-server) is active.
    """
    try:
        llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()

        # MTP probe + freshness check (both cached); drive the UI banner.
        try:
            _bin = type(llama_backend)._find_llama_server_binary()
            _caps = type(llama_backend).probe_server_capabilities(_bin)
            _supports_mtp = bool(_caps.get("supports_mtp", False))
        except Exception:
            _bin = None
            _supports_mtp = True  # fail open
        try:
            from utils.llama_cpp_freshness import check_prebuilt_freshness
            _freshness = check_prebuilt_freshness(_bin)
        except Exception:
            _freshness = {}
        _stale = bool(_freshness.get("stale"))
        _installed_tag = _freshness.get("installed_tag")
        _latest_tag = _freshness.get("latest_tag")

        # If a GGUF model is loaded via llama-server, report that
        if llama_backend.is_loaded:
            _model_id = llama_backend.model_identifier
            _native_grant_backed = getattr(llama_backend, "_native_grant_backed", False)
            _display_model_id = getattr(
                llama_backend, "_native_display_label", None
            ) or display_label_for_native_path(_model_id)
            if (
                _native_grant_backed
                and _model_id
                and _display_model_id == _model_id
                and os.path.isabs(_model_id)
            ):
                _display_model_id = os.path.basename(_model_id)
            _inference_cfg = load_inference_config(_model_id) if _model_id else None
            _audio_type = getattr(llama_backend, "_audio_type", None)
            # Don't surface Studio's auto-applied bundled family template (e.g. the
            # gemma-4 override) as a user-authored override: the frontend adopts
            # status.chat_template_override as editable state and would otherwise
            # re-send it as an explicit override for a later, unrelated model. Only
            # expose a genuine user override.
            _reported_chat_template_override = llama_backend.chat_template_override
            _auto_chat_template_override = resolve_effective_chat_template_override(
                model_identifier = _model_id,
                user_override = None,
            )
            if (
                _auto_chat_template_override is not None
                and _reported_chat_template_override == _auto_chat_template_override
            ):
                _reported_chat_template_override = None
            return InferenceStatusResponse(
                active_model = _display_model_id,
                model_identifier = None if _native_grant_backed else _model_id,
                is_vision = llama_backend.is_vision,
                is_gguf = True,
                is_diffusion = llama_backend.is_diffusion,
                gguf_variant = llama_backend.hf_variant,
                is_audio = getattr(llama_backend, "_is_audio", False),
                audio_type = _audio_type,
                has_audio_input = getattr(llama_backend, "_has_audio_input", False),
                loading = [],
                loaded = [_display_model_id] if _display_model_id else [],
                inference = _inference_cfg,
                # GGUF status: auto_map never executes, so inert (matches validate_model).
                requires_trust_remote_code = False,
                supports_reasoning = llama_backend.supports_reasoning,
                reasoning_style = llama_backend.reasoning_style,
                reasoning_effort_levels = llama_backend.reasoning_effort_levels,
                reasoning_always_on = llama_backend.reasoning_always_on,
                supports_preserve_thinking = llama_backend.supports_preserve_thinking,
                supports_tools = llama_backend.supports_tools,
                chat_template = llama_backend.chat_template,
                context_length = llama_backend.context_length,
                max_context_length = llama_backend.max_context_length,
                native_context_length = llama_backend.native_context_length,
                cache_type_kv = llama_backend.cache_type_kv,
                chat_template_override = _reported_chat_template_override,
                speculative_type = llama_backend.requested_spec_mode,
                spec_draft_n_max = llama_backend.spec_draft_n_max,
                tensor_parallel = llama_backend.tensor_parallel,
                llama_cpp_supports_mtp = _supports_mtp,
                spec_fallback_reason = llama_backend.spec_fallback_reason,
                llama_cpp_prebuilt_stale = _stale,
                llama_cpp_installed_tag = _installed_tag,
                llama_cpp_latest_tag = _latest_tag,
            )

        # Otherwise, report Unsloth backend status
        backend = get_inference_backend()

        is_vision = False
        is_audio = False
        audio_type = None
        has_audio_input = False
        model_info = {}
        if backend.active_model_name:
            model_info = backend.models.get(backend.active_model_name, {})
            is_vision = model_info.get("is_vision", False)
            is_audio = model_info.get("is_audio", False)
            audio_type = model_info.get("audio_type")
            has_audio_input = model_info.get("has_audio_input", False)
        chat_template_info = model_info.get("chat_template_info", {})
        chat_template = (
            chat_template_info.get("template") if isinstance(chat_template_info, dict) else None
        )

        # Non-GGUF: classify from the loaded template.
        _sf_flags = _detect_safetensors_features(backend, chat_template)
        inference_config = (
            load_inference_config(backend.active_model_name) if backend.active_model_name else None
        )

        return InferenceStatusResponse(
            active_model = backend.active_model_name,
            model_identifier = backend.active_model_name,
            is_vision = is_vision,
            is_gguf = False,
            is_audio = is_audio,
            audio_type = audio_type,
            has_audio_input = has_audio_input,
            loading = list(getattr(backend, "loading_models", set())),
            loaded = list(backend.models.keys()),
            inference = inference_config,
            requires_trust_remote_code = _resolve_loaded_trust_remote_code(
                backend.active_model_name, model_info, inference_config
            ),
            supports_reasoning = _sf_flags["supports_reasoning"],
            reasoning_style = _sf_flags["reasoning_style"],
            reasoning_effort_levels = _sf_flags.get("reasoning_effort_levels", []),
            reasoning_always_on = _sf_flags["reasoning_always_on"],
            supports_preserve_thinking = _sf_flags["supports_preserve_thinking"],
            supports_tools = _sf_flags["supports_tools"],
            context_length = _positive_int_or_none(model_info.get("context_length")),
            chat_template = chat_template,
            llama_cpp_supports_mtp = _supports_mtp,
            llama_cpp_prebuilt_stale = _stale,
            llama_cpp_installed_tag = _installed_tag,
            llama_cpp_latest_tag = _latest_tag,
        )

    except Exception as e:
        logger.error(f"Error getting status: {e}", exc_info = True)
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 500, detail = "Failed to get status")


@router.get("/load-progress", response_model = LoadProgressResponse)
async def get_load_progress(current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    """
    Return the active GGUF load's mmap/upload progress.

    During the warmup window after a GGUF download -- when llama-server pages
    ~tens-to-hundreds of GB of shards into the page cache before pushing layers
    to VRAM -- ``/api/inference/status`` only shows a generic spinner. This
    exposes sampled progress so the UI can render a real bar plus rate/ETA.

    Returns an empty payload (``phase=null, bytes=0``) when no load is in
    flight. The frontend should stop polling once ``phase`` becomes ``ready``.
    """
    try:
        llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
        progress = llama_backend.load_progress()
        if progress is None:
            return LoadProgressResponse()
        return LoadProgressResponse(**progress)
    except Exception as e:
        logger.warning(f"Error sampling load progress: {e}")
        return LoadProgressResponse()


# =====================================================================
# Audio (TTS) Generation  (/audio/generate)
# =====================================================================


@router.post("/audio/generate")
async def generate_audio(
    payload: ChatCompletionRequest,
    request: Request,
    current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject),
):
    """
    Generate audio (TTS) from the latest user message.
    Returns JSON with base64-encoded WAV audio.
    Works with both GGUF (llama-server) and Unsloth/transformers backends.
    """
    import base64

    # Extract text from the last user message
    _, chat_messages, _ = _extract_content_parts(payload.messages)
    if not chat_messages:
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 400, detail = "No messages provided.")
    last_user_msg = next((m for m in reversed(chat_messages) if m["role"] == "user"), None)
    if not last_user_msg:
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 400, detail = "No user message found.")
    text = last_user_msg["content"]

    # Pick backend — both return (wav_bytes, sample_rate)
    llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
    if llama_backend.is_loaded and getattr(llama_backend, "_is_audio", False):
        model_name = public_model_id(llama_backend.model_identifier)
        gen = lambda: llama_backend.generate_audio_response(
            text = text,
            audio_type = llama_backend._audio_type,
            temperature = payload.temperature,
            top_p = payload.top_p,
            top_k = payload.top_k,
            min_p = payload.min_p,
            max_new_tokens = _effective_max_tokens(payload) or 2048,
            repetition_penalty = payload.repetition_penalty,
        )
    else:
        backend = get_inference_backend()
        if not backend.active_model_name:
            raise HTTPException(status_code = 400, detail = "No model loaded.")
        model_info = backend.models.get(backend.active_model_name, {})
        if not model_info.get("is_audio"):
            raise HTTPException(status_code = 400, detail = "Active model is not an audio model.")
        model_name = public_model_id(backend.active_model_name)
        gen = lambda: backend.generate_audio_response(
            text = text,
            temperature = payload.temperature,
            top_p = payload.top_p,
            top_k = payload.top_k,
            min_p = payload.min_p,
            max_new_tokens = _effective_max_tokens(payload) or 2048,
            repetition_penalty = payload.repetition_penalty,
            use_adapter = payload.use_adapter,
        )

    try:
        wav_bytes, sample_rate = await asyncio.to_thread(gen)
    except Exception as e:
        logger.error(f"Audio generation error: {e}", exc_info = True)
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 500, detail = safe_error_detail(e))

    audio_b64 = base64.b64encode(wav_bytes).decode("ascii")
    return JSONResponse(
        content = {
            "id": f"chatcmpl-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}",
            "object": "chat.completion.audio",
            "model": model_name,
            "audio": {"data": audio_b64, "format": "wav", "sample_rate": sample_rate},
            "choices": [
                {
                    "index": 0,
                    "message": {
                        "role": "assistant",
                        "content": f'[Generated audio from: "{text[:100]}"]',
                    },
                    "finish_reason": "stop",
                }
            ],
        }
    )


# =====================================================================
# OpenAI-Compatible Chat Completions  (/chat/completions)
# =====================================================================


def _decode_audio_base64(b64: str) -> np.ndarray:
    """Decode base64 audio (any format) → float32 numpy array at 16kHz."""
    import torchaudio
    import tempfile
    import os
    from utils.paths import ensure_dir, tmp_root

    raw = base64.b64decode(b64)
    # torchaudio.load needs a path or file-like with a format hint; write a
    # temp file so it can auto-detect the format.
    with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
        suffix = ".audio",
        delete = False,
        dir = str(ensure_dir(tmp_root())),
    ) as tmp:
        tmp.write(raw)
        tmp_path = tmp.name
    try:
        waveform, sr = torchaudio.load(tmp_path)
    finally:
        os.unlink(tmp_path)

    if waveform.shape[0] > 1:
        waveform = waveform.mean(dim = 0, keepdim = True)

    if sr != 16000:
        resampler = torchaudio.transforms.Resample(orig_freq = sr, new_freq = 16000)
        waveform = resampler(waveform)

    return waveform.squeeze(0).numpy()


# Reject oversized audio before decoding. base64 inflates raw bytes by ~4/3, so
# cap the encoded length to bound the upload. _MAX_AUDIO_SECONDS additionally
# bounds the *decoded* length, since a small compressed file (opus/flac/etc.)
# can expand to a far larger PCM array than the encoded-size cap implies.
_MAX_AUDIO_RAW_BYTES = 25 * 1024 * 1024
_MAX_AUDIO_B64_CHARS = _MAX_AUDIO_RAW_BYTES * 4 // 3
_MAX_AUDIO_SECONDS = 30 * 60
_WAV_HEADER_BYTES = 44
_MIN_TRANSCODE_AUDIO_SAMPLE_RATE = 8000


def _sniff_audio_container(raw: bytes) -> Optional[str]:
    """Return 'wav' or 'mp3' if the bytes are a container llama-server accepts
    directly (so we can forward them untouched), else None (needs transcoding)."""
    if len(raw) >= 12 and raw[:4] == b"RIFF" and raw[8:12] == b"WAVE":
        return "wav"
    # mp3: ID3 tag, or an MPEG audio frame sync (no other accepted format leads
    # with 0xFF, so the simple sync check doesn't collide).
    if raw[:3] == b"ID3" or (len(raw) >= 2 and raw[0] == 0xFF and (raw[1] & 0xE0) == 0xE0):
        return "mp3"
    return None


def _mono_f32_to_wav_bytes(arr: np.ndarray, sample_rate: int) -> bytes:
    """Encode a mono float32 array as 16-bit PCM WAV bytes.

    Torch-free (numpy + stdlib only) so it works on no-torch GGUF-only installs;
    the shared audio_codecs helper pulls in torch at import time.
    """
    import io
    import wave

    arr = np.nan_to_num(np.asarray(arr, dtype = np.float32).flatten(), posinf = 0.0, neginf = 0.0)
    if arr.size == 0:
        raise ValueError("decoded audio is empty")
    peak = float(np.abs(arr).max())
    if peak > 1.0:
        arr = arr / peak
    pcm = (arr * 32767.0).astype(np.int16)

    buf = io.BytesIO()
    with wave.open(buf, "wb") as wf:
        wf.setnchannels(1)
        wf.setsampwidth(2)
        wf.setframerate(int(sample_rate))
        wf.writeframes(pcm.tobytes())
    return buf.getvalue()


def _resample_mono_linear(arr: np.ndarray, source_rate: int, target_rate: int) -> np.ndarray:
    """Small numpy-only resampler for upload size limiting."""
    if source_rate <= 0 or target_rate <= 0 or source_rate == target_rate:
        return arr
    duration = len(arr) / float(source_rate)
    target_len = max(1, int(round(duration * target_rate)))
    if target_len == len(arr):
        return arr
    source_x = np.linspace(0.0, duration, num = len(arr), endpoint = False)
    target_x = np.linspace(0.0, duration, num = target_len, endpoint = False)
    return np.interp(target_x, source_x, arr).astype(np.float32)


def _fit_transcoded_audio_to_wav_cap(arr: np.ndarray, sample_rate: int) -> tuple[np.ndarray, int]:
    """Downsample only when needed so transcoded WAV stays within the upload cap."""
    if sample_rate <= 0:
        raise ValueError("decoded audio has an invalid sample rate")
    wav_bytes = _WAV_HEADER_BYTES + len(arr) * 2
    if wav_bytes <= _MAX_AUDIO_RAW_BYTES:
        return arr, sample_rate

    duration = len(arr) / float(sample_rate)
    max_samples = max(1, (_MAX_AUDIO_RAW_BYTES - _WAV_HEADER_BYTES) // 2)
    target_rate = int(max_samples // duration)
    if target_rate < _MIN_TRANSCODE_AUDIO_SAMPLE_RATE:
        raise ValueError("decoded audio exceeds the transcoded WAV size limit")
    target_rate = min(sample_rate, target_rate)
    fitted = _resample_mono_linear(arr, sample_rate, target_rate)
    if _WAV_HEADER_BYTES + len(fitted) * 2 > _MAX_AUDIO_RAW_BYTES:
        raise ValueError("decoded audio exceeds the transcoded WAV size limit")
    return fitted, target_rate


def _decode_audio_mono(raw: bytes) -> tuple[np.ndarray, int]:
    """Decode audio bytes to (mono float32 array, native sample_rate).

    soundfile (libsndfile) reads wav/mp3/ogg/flac straight from memory. librosa
    (ffmpeg-backed) additionally covers m4a/webm but needs a real path and is
    absent on no-torch GGUF-only installs. Both imports are inside the fallback
    so a missing decoder degrades to the next one (and finally a clear error)
    rather than crashing.
    """
    import io

    try:
        import soundfile as sf
        arr, sr = sf.read(io.BytesIO(raw), dtype = "float32")
    except Exception:
        try:
            import librosa
        except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
            raise RuntimeError(
                "this audio format needs librosa, which is not installed in "
                "GGUF-only environments; use wav, mp3, ogg or flac"
            ) from e
        import os
        import tempfile
        from utils.paths import ensure_dir, tmp_root

        with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
            suffix = ".audio",
            delete = False,
            dir = str(ensure_dir(tmp_root())),
        ) as tmp:
            tmp.write(raw)
            tmp_path = tmp.name
        try:
            arr, sr = librosa.load(tmp_path, sr = None, mono = True)
        finally:
            os.unlink(tmp_path)
    if arr.ndim > 1:
        arr = arr.mean(axis = 1)
    if sr > 0 and len(arr) > sr * _MAX_AUDIO_SECONDS:
        raise ValueError(f"decoded audio exceeds the {_MAX_AUDIO_SECONDS // 60}-minute limit")
    return arr, sr


def _prepare_audio_for_llama(b64: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
    """Return (base64, format) ready for llama-server's input_audio part.

    llama-server's API only accepts wav/mp3, and decodes/resamples/down-mixes
    them itself, so wav and mp3 uploads are forwarded untouched (no decode, no
    PCM payload inflation). Other containers (m4a/ogg/webm/flac) are decoded to
    a mono WAV. Blocking; call via a thread from async paths.
    """
    if b64.startswith("data:"):
        b64 = b64.split(",", 1)[1] if "," in b64 else ""
    raw = base64.b64decode(b64)
    passthrough = _sniff_audio_container(raw)
    if passthrough is not None:
        return b64, passthrough

    arr, sr = _decode_audio_mono(raw)
    arr, sr = _fit_transcoded_audio_to_wav_cap(arr, sr)
    return base64.b64encode(_mono_f32_to_wav_bytes(arr, sr)).decode("ascii"), "wav"


def _inject_audio_part(messages: list[dict], audio_b64: str, audio_format: str) -> None:
    """Append an input_audio part to the last user message, in place.

    Audio rides in the message list like image_url parts do, so it flows through
    both the plain and tool-calling generation paths.
    """
    part = {
        "type": "input_audio",
        "input_audio": {"data": audio_b64, "format": audio_format},
    }
    for msg in reversed(messages):
        if msg.get("role") == "user":
            content = msg.get("content")
            if isinstance(content, list):
                content.append(part)
            else:
                msg["content"] = [{"type": "text", "text": content or ""}, part]
            return


def _extract_content_parts(messages: list) -> tuple[str, list[dict], "Optional[str]"]:
    """
    Parse OpenAI-format messages into components the inference backend expects.

    Handles both plain-string ``content`` and multimodal content-part arrays
    (``[{type: "text", ...}, {type: "image_url", ...}]``).

    Returns:
        system_prompt:  System message text (empty string if none).
        chat_messages:  Non-system messages with content flattened to strings.
        image_base64:   Base64 of the *first* image found, or ``None``.
    """
    system_parts: list[str] = []
    chat_messages: list[dict] = []
    first_image_b64: Optional[str] = None

    for msg in messages:
        # ── System / developer messages → extract as system_prompt ────────
        if msg.role in ("system", "developer"):
            if isinstance(msg.content, str):
                system_parts.append(msg.content)
            elif isinstance(msg.content, list):
                # Unlikely but handle: join text parts
                system_parts.append("\n".join(p.text for p in msg.content if p.type == "text"))
            continue

        # ── User / assistant messages ─────────────────────────
        if isinstance(msg.content, str):
            # Plain string content — pass through
            chat_messages.append({"role": msg.role, "content": msg.content})
        elif isinstance(msg.content, list):
            # Multimodal content parts
            text_parts: list[str] = []
            for part in msg.content:
                if part.type == "text":
                    text_parts.append(part.text)
                elif part.type == "image_url" and first_image_b64 is None:
                    url = part.image_url.url
                    if url.startswith("data:"):
                        # data:image/png;base64,<DATA> -> extract <DATA>
                        first_image_b64 = url.split(",", 1)[1] if "," in url else None
                    else:
                        logger.warning(f"Remote image URLs not yet supported: {url[:80]}...")
            combined_text = "\n".join(text_parts) if text_parts else ""
            chat_messages.append({"role": msg.role, "content": combined_text})

    return "\n\n".join(p for p in system_parts if p), chat_messages, first_image_b64


# ── External provider proxy ──────────────────────────────────────


# Providers whose stream helper translates `input_document` parts into a
# native attachment block on the wire. Anthropic: `_stream_anthropic` ->
# {type:"document", source:...}; OpenAI: `_stream_openai_responses` ->
# {type:"input_file", file_data|file_url}. Every other provider (gemini /
# mistral / kimi / openrouter / deepseek / custom OpenAI-compat) goes through
# the generic /chat/completions passthrough that forwards messages verbatim,
# so handing them an `input_document` part would 400 with an unknown
# content_part type.
_INPUT_DOCUMENT_PROVIDERS = frozenset({"anthropic", "openai"})


def _build_external_messages(
    messages: list,
    supports_vision: bool,
    provider_type: Optional[str] = None,
    base_url: Optional[str] = None,
) -> list[dict]:
    """
    Convert ChatMessage list to OpenAI-compatible dicts for external providers.

    Behaviour per content-part type:
    - `text`: always preserved.
    - `image_url`: preserved on vision providers; stripped on non-vision.
    - `input_document`: preserved ONLY when the provider's stream helper has
      explicit translation logic (Anthropic + OpenAI today, see
      ``_INPUT_DOCUMENT_PROVIDERS``). Stripped for every other provider so the
      unknown type doesn't reach generic /chat/completions and 400.
    - `reasoning`: OpenAI-only Responses reasoning item paired with a prior
      tool output. Forwarded ONLY when provider_type=="openai" so follow-up
      image edits can replay the required reasoning item.
    - `image_generation_call`: OpenAI-only Responses image reference. Forwarded
      ONLY when provider_type=="openai" so follow-up image edits can reference
      prior generated images.
    - `compaction`: Anthropic-only synthetic part (round-trips server-side
      compaction state). Forwarded ONLY when provider_type=="anthropic";
      stripped elsewhere so the unknown part doesn't reach generic
      /chat/completions and 400 (DeepSeek, Mistral, Gemini, Kimi, OpenRouter).
    """
    document_provider = provider_type in _INPUT_DOCUMENT_PROVIDERS
    anthropic = provider_type == "anthropic"
    openai = provider_type == "openai"
    # `extra_content` carries the assistant's text-part `thoughtSignature`
    # round-trip on Gemini's native streamGenerateContent endpoint. Custom
    # Gemini OpenAI-compat gateways (LiteLLM etc.) route through
    # /chat/completions where the field is unknown and can be rejected -- gate
    # strictly on the Google-hosted Gemini base.
    _native_gemini = False
    if provider_type == "gemini" and base_url:
        try:
            from urllib.parse import urlparse as _urlparse
            _host = (_urlparse(base_url).hostname or "").lower()
            _native_gemini = _host == "generativelanguage.googleapis.com"
        except Exception:
            _native_gemini = False
    emit_extra_content = _native_gemini

    _SERVER_BUILTIN_TOOL_NAMES = frozenset(
        {"web_search", "web_fetch", "code_execution", "image_generation"}
    )

    def _is_marked_server_builtin_tool_call(tc: Any) -> bool:
        """Return True iff `tc` is a synthetic provider-side tool card with a
        canonical builtin name and either:
          - the `args._server_tool` marker stamped by the backend, or
          - a Gemini `args.google.native_part` payload (durable replay signal
            for code_execution / image_generation that predates the marker).
        Such cards must not be forwarded to non-native providers: they aren't
        real user functions, so the receiving API rejects the orphan tool
        history. Real user functions with these names normally have neither
        signal.
        """
        if not isinstance(tc, dict):
            return False
        fn = tc.get("function")
        if not isinstance(fn, dict):
            return False
        name = (fn.get("name") or "").lower()
        if name not in _SERVER_BUILTIN_TOOL_NAMES:
            return False
        raw_args = fn.get("arguments") or ""
        try:
            args = json.loads(raw_args) if isinstance(raw_args, str) else raw_args
        except Exception:
            return False
        if not isinstance(args, dict):
            return False
        if args.get("_server_tool") is True:
            return True
        google = args.get("google")
        return isinstance(google, dict) and isinstance(google.get("native_part"), dict)

    # When we drop a server-side builtin tool_call, the matching `role="tool"`
    # follow-up must also be dropped -- else the provider gets an orphan
    # tool_call_id with no matching assistant call, which OpenAI Responses and
    # Anthropic both reject.
    dropped_server_builtin_tool_call_ids: set[str] = set()

    def _filter_tool_calls(tool_calls: Any) -> Optional[list]:
        """Sanitize assistant `tool_calls` for non-native-Gemini providers.

        Two concerns:
          1. `tool_calls[i].extra_content` carries Gemini-only thoughtSignature
             metadata; strip it for providers that can't parse the unknown key.
          2. Marked server-side builtin cards (`_server_tool: true` on a
             canonical builtin name, or a Gemini `native_part` payload) are
             Studio-internal tool cards from a prior native Gemini turn;
             forwarding them to OpenAI / Anthropic / custom OAI-compat gateways
             sends an orphan `tool_calls` entry (no matching tool declaration,
             often no matching `role="tool"` reply) that can be rejected. We
             record the dropped call_ids so the matching role=tool message is
             skipped below.
        Native Gemini keeps both untouched so the translator can replay them
        via `native_part`.
        """
        if not tool_calls:
            return None
        if not isinstance(tool_calls, list):
            return tool_calls
        if emit_extra_content:
            return tool_calls
        cleaned: list = []
        for _tc in tool_calls:
            if _is_marked_server_builtin_tool_call(_tc):
                _tc_id = _tc.get("id") if isinstance(_tc, dict) else None
                if isinstance(_tc_id, str) and _tc_id:
                    dropped_server_builtin_tool_call_ids.add(_tc_id)
                continue
            if not isinstance(_tc, dict):
                cleaned.append(_tc)
                continue
            if "extra_content" not in _tc:
                cleaned.append(_tc)
                continue
            _stripped = {k: v for k, v in _tc.items() if k != "extra_content"}
            cleaned.append(_stripped)
        return cleaned

    def _openai_responses_part(item: Any) -> Optional[dict[str, Any]]:
        """Rebuild a forwarded OpenAI Responses assistant part (`reasoning` or
        `image_generation_call`); returns None for any other part type."""
        if item.type == "reasoning":
            reasoning: dict[str, Any] = {
                "type": "reasoning",
                "id": item.id,
                "summary": item.summary,
            }
            if item.status:
                reasoning["status"] = item.status
            return reasoning
        if item.type == "image_generation_call":
            image_ref: dict[str, Any] = {"type": "image_generation_call", "id": item.id}
            if getattr(item, "response_id", None):
                image_ref["response_id"] = item.response_id
            return image_ref
        return None

    result = []
    for msg in messages:
        # Drop role=tool messages whose matching server-builtin tool_call was
        # filtered above. An orphan tool_result with no matching tool_call is
        # rejected by OpenAI Responses and Anthropic.
        if (
            msg.role == "tool"
            and isinstance(msg.tool_call_id, str)
            and msg.tool_call_id in dropped_server_builtin_tool_call_ids
        ):
            continue
        if isinstance(msg.content, str):
            # Drop bare assistant messages with no content AND no tool_calls
            # (some providers reject empty assistant turns). Preserve assistant
            # turns whose only payload is tool_calls so multi-turn
            # function-call loops round-trip.
            if msg.role == "assistant" and not msg.content.strip() and not msg.tool_calls:
                continue
            out: dict[str, Any] = {"role": msg.role, "content": msg.content}
            if msg.role == "assistant" and msg.tool_calls:
                _tcs = _filter_tool_calls(msg.tool_calls)
                if _tcs:
                    out["tool_calls"] = _tcs
                elif not msg.content.strip():
                    # Every tool_call was a dropped synthetic provider card;
                    # the turn would be an empty
                    # `{"role":"assistant","content":""}` that some providers
                    # reject. Skip it entirely.
                    continue
            if msg.role == "tool":
                if msg.tool_call_id:
                    out["tool_call_id"] = msg.tool_call_id
                if msg.name:
                    out["name"] = msg.name
            if emit_extra_content and msg.role == "assistant" and msg.extra_content:
                out["extra_content"] = msg.extra_content
            result.append(out)
            continue
        # Assistant messages with content=None but populated tool_calls are
        # valid (post-tool-call turn). Forward them so the provider helper can
        # rebuild the functionCall part.
        if msg.content is None and msg.role == "assistant" and msg.tool_calls:
            _filtered_tcs = _filter_tool_calls(msg.tool_calls)
            if not _filtered_tcs:
                # Every tool_call was provider-side synthetic and dropped;
                # skip the whole message to avoid an empty assistant turn.
                continue
            _assistant_only: dict[str, Any] = {
                "role": "assistant",
                "content": "",
                "tool_calls": _filtered_tcs,
            }
            if emit_extra_content and msg.extra_content:
                _assistant_only["extra_content"] = msg.extra_content
            result.append(_assistant_only)
            continue
        if isinstance(msg.content, list):
            if supports_vision:
                parts = []
                for part in msg.content:
                    if part.type == "text":
                        parts.append({"type": "text", "text": part.text})
                    elif part.type == "image_url":
                        parts.append(
                            {
                                "type": "image_url",
                                "image_url": {"url": part.image_url.url},
                            }
                        )
                    elif (
                        openai
                        and msg.role == "assistant"
                        and (_rp := _openai_responses_part(part)) is not None
                    ):
                        # ExternalProviderClient maps image_generation_call onto a
                        # top-level Responses input item after the current user
                        # prompt, or onto `previous_response_id` when response_id
                        # is available from the prior turn.
                        parts.append(_rp)
                    elif part.type == "input_document" and document_provider:
                        # ExternalProviderClient maps this onto Anthropic's
                        # `document` or OpenAI Responses' `input_file` block;
                        # every other provider would 400 on the unknown part.
                        doc: dict[str, Any] = {"type": "input_document"}
                        if part.file_data:
                            doc["file_data"] = part.file_data
                        if part.file_url:
                            doc["file_url"] = part.file_url
                        if part.filename:
                            doc["filename"] = part.filename
                        if part.media_type:
                            doc["media_type"] = part.media_type
                        parts.append(doc)
                    elif part.type == "compaction" and anthropic:
                        # Anthropic stream helper forwards this as a native
                        # `compaction` block; every other provider would 400 on
                        # the unknown part, so gate by provider_type.
                        parts.append({"type": "compaction", "content": part.content})
                entry: dict[str, Any] = {"role": msg.role, "content": parts}
                if msg.role == "assistant" and msg.tool_calls:
                    _tcs = _filter_tool_calls(msg.tool_calls)
                    if _tcs:
                        entry["tool_calls"] = _tcs
                    elif not parts:
                        # All tool_calls were synthetic and dropped, and no
                        # content parts survived. Skip rather than forward an
                        # empty assistant turn that downstream providers reject.
                        continue
                elif msg.role == "assistant" and not parts:
                    continue
                if msg.role == "tool":
                    if msg.tool_call_id:
                        entry["tool_call_id"] = msg.tool_call_id
                    if msg.name:
                        entry["name"] = msg.name
                if emit_extra_content and msg.role == "assistant" and msg.extra_content:
                    entry["extra_content"] = msg.extra_content
                result.append(entry)
            else:
                # Non-vision provider: strip images / documents, keep text,
                # optionally keep compaction (Anthropic only --
                # compaction-capable Anthropic models all report
                # supports_vision=True today, but gate here for safety).
                preserved = []
                for p in msg.content:
                    if p.type == "text":
                        preserved.append({"type": "text", "text": p.text})
                    elif (
                        openai
                        and msg.role == "assistant"
                        and (_rp := _openai_responses_part(p)) is not None
                    ):
                        preserved.append(_rp)
                    elif p.type == "compaction" and anthropic:
                        preserved.append({"type": "compaction", "content": p.content})
                if msg.role == "assistant" and not preserved:
                    continue
                if len(preserved) == 1 and preserved[0]["type"] == "text":
                    # Single text part collapses to a string for providers that
                    # don't accept content arrays.
                    entry = {"role": msg.role, "content": preserved[0]["text"]}
                else:
                    entry = {"role": msg.role, "content": preserved}
                if msg.role == "assistant" and msg.tool_calls:
                    _tcs = _filter_tool_calls(msg.tool_calls)
                    if _tcs:
                        entry["tool_calls"] = _tcs
                    else:
                        # All tool_calls were synthetic and dropped; skip if no
                        # content survived either.
                        _entry_content = entry.get("content")
                        _has_text = (
                            isinstance(_entry_content, str) and _entry_content.strip()
                        ) or (isinstance(_entry_content, list) and len(_entry_content) > 0)
                        if not _has_text:
                            continue
                if msg.role == "tool":
                    if msg.tool_call_id:
                        entry["tool_call_id"] = msg.tool_call_id
                    if msg.name:
                        entry["name"] = msg.name
                if emit_extra_content and msg.role == "assistant" and msg.extra_content:
                    entry["extra_content"] = msg.extra_content
                result.append(entry)
    return result


async def _proxy_to_external_provider(
    payload: ChatCompletionRequest,
    request: Request,
    current_subject: Optional[str] = None,
) -> StreamingResponse:
    """
    Proxy a chat completion request to an external LLM provider.

    Resolves provider config (DB or registry), decrypts the API key, and
    streams the response back in OpenAI SSE format.
    """
    # Resolve provider type and base URL
    provider_type = payload.provider_type
    base_url = payload.provider_base_url

    if payload.provider_id:
        config = providers_db.get_provider(payload.provider_id)
        if config is None:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 404,
                detail = f"Provider config not found: {payload.provider_id}",
            )
        if not config["is_enabled"]:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = f"Provider '{config['display_name']}' is disabled.",
            )
        provider_type = provider_type or config["provider_type"]
        base_url = base_url or config["base_url"]

    if not provider_type:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = "Either provider_id or provider_type is required for external provider routing.",
        )

    # Fall back to registry default base URL
    if not base_url:
        base_url = get_base_url(provider_type)
    if not base_url:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = f"Unknown provider type: {provider_type}",
        )

    api_key = ""
    if payload.encrypted_api_key:
        try:
            api_key = decrypt_api_key(payload.encrypted_api_key)
        except Exception as exc:
            logger.warning("external_provider.decrypt_failed", error = str(exc))
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = "Failed to decrypt API key. The server key may have changed — try refreshing the page.",
            )

    model = payload.external_model or payload.model
    if model == "default":
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = "external_model is required when using an external provider.",
        )

    # Build messages, preserving multimodal content for vision providers
    from core.inference.providers import get_provider_info as _get_provider_info

    _pinfo = _get_provider_info(provider_type) or {}
    _supports_vision = _pinfo.get("supports_vision", False)
    chat_messages = _build_external_messages(
        payload.messages,
        _supports_vision,
        provider_type = provider_type,
        base_url = base_url,
    )
    monitor_id = None
    if not getattr(request.state, "skip_api_monitor", False):
        monitor_id = api_monitor.start(
            endpoint = request.url.path,
            method = request.method,
            model = model,
            prompt = _monitor_prompt_from_messages(payload.messages),
            context_length = None,
            subject = current_subject,
        )

    client = ExternalProviderClient(
        provider_type = provider_type,
        base_url = base_url,
        api_key = api_key,
    )

    # `top_k` defaults to 20 in ChatCompletionRequest because the local path
    # expects an int, but the external-provider path treats "field omitted from
    # JSON" as "use provider default" so callers sending only model/messages
    # don't silently get different sampling than before this PR. Pydantic's
    # `model_fields_set` tracks explicit-vs-default per request.
    _top_k_explicit = payload.top_k if "top_k" in payload.model_fields_set else None

    async def _stream():
        gen = client.stream_chat_completion(
            messages = chat_messages,
            model = model,
            temperature = payload.temperature,
            top_p = payload.top_p,
            # Honor max_completion_tokens when max_tokens is absent, so a
            # provider-routed request capped only by the newer field still gets
            # a limit instead of falling back to the provider default.
            max_tokens = _effective_max_tokens(payload),
            presence_penalty = payload.presence_penalty,
            top_k = _top_k_explicit,
            enable_thinking = payload.enable_thinking,
            reasoning_effort = payload.reasoning_effort,
            enabled_tools = payload.enabled_tools,
            enable_prompt_caching = payload.enable_prompt_caching,
            openai_code_exec_container_id = payload.openai_code_exec_container_id,
            anthropic_code_exec_container_id = payload.anthropic_code_exec_container_id,
            prompt_cache_ttl = payload.prompt_cache_ttl,
            compaction_threshold = payload.compaction_threshold,
            tools = payload.tools,
            tool_choice = payload.tool_choice,
            fast_mode = payload.fast_mode,
            stream = payload.stream,
        )
        try:
            sent_done = False
            stream_failed = False
            async for line in gen:
                monitor_event = _monitor_openai_sse_line(monitor_id, line)
                if monitor_event is None:
                    try:
                        _monitor_openai_chunk(monitor_id, json.loads(line))
                    except Exception:
                        pass
                if monitor_event == "error":
                    stream_failed = True
                yield f"{line}\n\n"
                if monitor_event == "done":
                    sent_done = True
            if not sent_done:
                if not stream_failed:
                    api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)
                yield "data: [DONE]\n\n"
        except asyncio.CancelledError:
            api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
            raise
        except Exception as exc:
            logger.error("external_provider.stream_error", error = str(exc))
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(exc))
            # Surface the failure: a bare EOF (e.g. after a read timeout) is treated
            # by the chat client as success, saving a partial answer with no error.
            yield (
                "data: "
                + json.dumps({"error": {"message": _friendly_error(exc), "type": "server_error"}})
                + "\n\n"
            )
            yield "data: [DONE]\n\n"
        finally:
            try:
                await gen.aclose()
            except RuntimeError:
                pass  # suppress httpcore asyncgen cleanup error (Python 3.13 + httpcore 1.0.x)
            await client.close()

    return StreamingResponse(
        _stream(),
        media_type = "text/event-stream",
        headers = {
            "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
            "X-Accel-Buffering": "no",
        },
    )


# ── OpenAI shell-tool container management ───────────────────────


def _resolve_openai_cloud_client(body: OpenAIContainerRequest) -> ExternalProviderClient:
    """
    Decrypt the API key + validate the base URL points at OpenAI cloud, then
    build an ExternalProviderClient for the three container CRUD endpoints
    below. The shell tool only exists on api.openai.com, so rejecting non-cloud
    bases up front prevents confusing 404s on ollama / llama.cpp / vLLM /
    custom presets.
    """
    base_url = body.provider_base_url or get_base_url("openai")
    if not base_url or "api.openai.com" not in base_url:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = (
                "OpenAI container management is only available on the "
                "managed cloud (api.openai.com). The provider's base URL "
                f"points at {base_url!r}."
            ),
        )
    try:
        api_key = decrypt_api_key(body.encrypted_api_key)
    except Exception as exc:
        logger.warning("external_provider.decrypt_failed", error = str(exc))
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = "Failed to decrypt API key. The server key may have changed — try refreshing the page.",
        )
    return ExternalProviderClient(
        provider_type = "openai",
        base_url = base_url,
        api_key = api_key,
    )


def _summarize_container(raw: dict) -> OpenAIContainerSummary:
    expires = raw.get("expires_after")
    expires_minutes: Optional[int] = None
    if isinstance(expires, dict):
        minutes = expires.get("minutes")
        if isinstance(minutes, int):
            expires_minutes = minutes
    return OpenAIContainerSummary(
        id = str(raw.get("id") or ""),
        name = raw.get("name"),
        created_at = raw.get("created_at") if isinstance(raw.get("created_at"), int) else None,
        last_active_at = raw.get("last_active_at")
        if isinstance(raw.get("last_active_at"), int)
        else None,
        expires_after_minutes = expires_minutes,
        status = raw.get("status") if isinstance(raw.get("status"), str) else None,
    )


@router.post(
    "/external/openai/containers/list",
    response_model = ListOpenAIContainersResponse,
)
async def list_openai_containers(
    body: OpenAIContainerRequest, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)
) -> ListOpenAIContainersResponse:
    """List the user's OpenAI shell-tool containers."""
    client = _resolve_openai_cloud_client(body)
    try:
        try:
            raw = await client.list_openai_containers()
        except httpx.HTTPStatusError as exc:
            detail = exc.response.text[:500] if exc.response is not None else str(exc)
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = exc.response.status_code if exc.response else 502,
                detail = f"OpenAI rejected /containers list: {detail}",
            )
        except httpx.HTTPError as exc:
            raise log_and_http_error(
                exc,
                502,
                "Could not reach OpenAI.",
                event = "openai_container_list.transport_error",
                log = logger,
            )
        # OpenAI keeps expired containers in /v1/containers indefinitely with
        # status="expired" -- dead but still listed. Hide them so the picker
        # only shows usable containers.
        return ListOpenAIContainersResponse(
            containers = [
                _summarize_container(c)
                for c in raw
                if isinstance(c, dict) and c.get("status") != "expired"
            ],
        )
    finally:
        await client.close()


@router.post(
    "/external/openai/containers/create",
    response_model = OpenAIContainerSummary,
)
async def create_openai_container(
    body: CreateOpenAIContainerBody, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)
) -> OpenAIContainerSummary:
    """Create a named container with the user-chosen idle TTL."""
    client = _resolve_openai_cloud_client(body)
    try:
        try:
            raw = await client.create_openai_container(
                name = body.name,
                ttl_minutes = body.ttl_minutes,
            )
        except httpx.HTTPStatusError as exc:
            detail = exc.response.text[:500] if exc.response is not None else str(exc)
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = exc.response.status_code if exc.response else 502,
                detail = f"OpenAI rejected /containers create: {detail}",
            )
        except httpx.HTTPError as exc:
            raise log_and_http_error(
                exc,
                502,
                "Could not reach OpenAI.",
                event = "openai_container_create.transport_error",
                log = logger,
            )
        if not isinstance(raw, dict):
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 502,
                detail = "OpenAI returned an unexpected container payload.",
            )
        return _summarize_container(raw)
    finally:
        await client.close()


@router.post("/external/openai/containers/delete", status_code = 204)
async def delete_openai_container(
    body: DeleteOpenAIContainerBody, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)
) -> None:
    """Delete a named container by id."""
    logger.info(
        "openai_container_delete.request subject=%s container_id=%s base_url=%s",
        current_subject,
        body.container_id,
        body.provider_base_url,
    )
    client = _resolve_openai_cloud_client(body)
    try:
        try:
            await client.delete_openai_container(body.container_id)
            logger.info(
                "openai_container_delete.success container_id=%s",
                body.container_id,
            )
        except httpx.HTTPStatusError as exc:
            detail = exc.response.text[:500] if exc.response is not None else str(exc)
            logger.warning(
                "openai_container_delete.openai_rejected container_id=%s status=%s body=%s",
                body.container_id,
                exc.response.status_code if exc.response else None,
                detail,
            )
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = exc.response.status_code if exc.response else 502,
                detail = f"OpenAI rejected /containers delete: {detail}",
            )
        except httpx.HTTPError as exc:
            raise log_and_http_error(
                exc,
                502,
                "Could not reach OpenAI.",
                event = "openai_container_delete.transport_error",
                log = logger,
            )
    finally:
        await client.close()


@router.post("/chat/completions")
async def openai_chat_completions(
    payload: ChatCompletionRequest,
    request: Request,
    current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject),
):
    """
    OpenAI-compatible chat completions endpoint.

    Supports multimodal messages: ``content`` may be a plain string or a list
    of content parts (``text`` / ``image_url``).

    Non-streaming (default): returns a single ChatCompletion JSON object.
    Streaming:               returns SSE chunks matching OpenAI's format.

    ``stream`` defaults to ``false`` per OpenAI's spec; clients opt into SSE by
    sending ``stream: true``.

    Routes to the correct backend automatically:
    - GGUF models → llama-server via LlamaCppBackend
    - Other models → Unsloth/transformers via InferenceBackend
    """
    # OpenAI's newer "developer" role is equivalent to "system". Normalize it
    # before provider routing so external providers (which may not accept the
    # "developer" role) get "system" too, matching the local path.
    for _m in payload.messages:
        if _m.role == "developer":
            _m.role = "system"

    if payload.logprobs:
        _raise_unsupported_openai_parameter(
            "logprobs", "logprobs is not supported for chat completions."
        )
    if payload.top_logprobs is not None:
        _raise_unsupported_openai_parameter(
            "top_logprobs", "top_logprobs is not supported for chat completions."
        )

    # ── External provider routing ────────────────────────────────
    # encrypted_api_key is optional -- local providers (llama.cpp / vLLM / Ollama) may run without auth.
    if payload.provider_id or payload.provider_type:
        # Bypass Permissions suppresses the confirm gate, so do not reject a
        # request that sets both flags (effective confirm is then False).
        if (
            payload.confirm_tool_calls
            and not payload.bypass_permissions
            and (
                payload.enable_tools is True
                or bool(payload.enabled_tools)
                or bool(payload.tools)
                or bool(payload.openai_code_exec_container_id)
                or bool(payload.anthropic_code_exec_container_id)
            )
        ):
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = openai_error_body(
                    "confirm_tool_calls is only supported for local streaming tools.",
                    status = 400,
                    code = "invalid_request_error",
                    param = "confirm_tool_calls",
                ),
            )
        if _wants_multiple_choices(payload):
            _raise_unsupported_n("external provider chat completions")
        return await _proxy_to_external_provider(payload, request, current_subject)

    # Reject a malformed function tool here: it would otherwise reach
    # llama-server and surface as an opaque 500 "Failed to parse tools".
    if payload.tools:
        for _tool in payload.tools:
            if not isinstance(_tool, dict):
                continue
            # llama-server 500s ("Failed to parse tools: Missing tool type") when
            # a function tool omits "type". Default it to "function" so a
            # well-formed tool isn't rejected over a missing discriminator (and a
            # malformed one still surfaces as a clean 400 below, not a 500).
            if _tool.get("type") is None and isinstance(_tool.get("function"), dict):
                _tool["type"] = "function"
            if _tool.get("type") != "function":
                continue
            _fn = _tool.get("function")
            _name = _fn.get("name") if isinstance(_fn, dict) else None
            if not isinstance(_name, str) or not _name.strip():
                raise HTTPException(
                    status_code = 400,
                    detail = openai_error_body(
                        "Invalid 'tools': each tool must have a 'function' with a 'name'.",
                        status = 400,
                        code = "invalid_value",
                        param = "tools",
                    ),
                )

    llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
    using_gguf = llama_backend.is_loaded

    # OpenAI-SDK clients send ``chat_template_kwargs`` via ``extra_body``, which
    # the SDK spreads into the request body at the top level. Studio's
    # ChatCompletionRequest has ``extra="allow"`` so pydantic stashes them in
    # ``model_extra``, but downstream generators consume the typed
    # ``payload.enable_thinking``. Lift ``enable_thinking`` from the extra-body
    # chat_template_kwargs onto the typed field so clients that only know the
    # OpenAI shape (data_designer recipe runs, etc.) can still control the
    # reasoning preamble.
    _extra = getattr(payload, "model_extra", None)
    if payload.enable_thinking is None and isinstance(_extra, dict):
        _tpl_kw = _extra.get("chat_template_kwargs")
        if isinstance(_tpl_kw, dict) and "enable_thinking" in _tpl_kw:
            payload.enable_thinking = bool(_tpl_kw["enable_thinking"])

    # ── Determine which backend is active ─────────────────────
    # Single-model server: any model name serves the loaded model (drop-in
    # OpenAI compat), so payload.model is only a fallback label here.
    monitor_id = None

    async def _monitored_generate_audio(model_label: str, context_length: Optional[int] = None):
        tts_monitor_id = None
        if not getattr(request.state, "skip_api_monitor", False):
            tts_monitor_id = api_monitor.start(
                endpoint = request.url.path,
                method = request.method,
                model = model_label,
                prompt = _monitor_prompt_from_messages(payload.messages),
                context_length = context_length,
                subject = current_subject,
            )
        try:
            response = await generate_audio(payload, request)
        except asyncio.CancelledError:
            api_monitor.finish(tts_monitor_id, "cancelled")
            raise
        except Exception as e:
            api_monitor.fail(tts_monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
            raise
        if isinstance(response, JSONResponse):
            try:
                body = json.loads(response.body.decode())
                choices = body.get("choices") or []
                message = (choices[0].get("message") or {}) if choices else {}
                content = message.get("content")
                if isinstance(content, str):
                    api_monitor.set_reply(tts_monitor_id, content)
            except Exception:
                pass
        api_monitor.finish(tts_monitor_id)
        return response

    if using_gguf:
        # Echo a clean public id in the response, never the absolute .gguf path.
        model_name = public_model_id(llama_backend.model_identifier) or payload.model
        if getattr(llama_backend, "_is_audio", False):
            if _wants_multiple_choices(payload):
                _raise_unsupported_n("GGUF audio chat completions")
            return await _monitored_generate_audio(
                model_name,
                context_length = llama_backend.context_length,
            )
    else:
        backend = get_inference_backend()
        if not backend.active_model_name:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = "No model loaded. Call POST /inference/load first.",
            )
        # Clean public id so the response never echoes a local path; the audio
        # branch below receives this sanitized label too.
        model_name = public_model_id(backend.active_model_name) or payload.model
        if _wants_multiple_choices(payload):
            _raise_unsupported_n("non-GGUF chat completions")

        # ── Audio TTS path: auto-route to audio generation ────
        # (Whisper is ASR not TTS -- handled below in audio input path)
        model_info = backend.models.get(backend.active_model_name, {})
        if model_info.get("is_audio") and model_info.get("audio_type") != "whisper":
            return await _monitored_generate_audio(model_name)

        # ── Whisper without audio: return clear error ──
        if model_info.get("audio_type") == "whisper" and not payload.audio_base64:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = "Whisper models require audio input. Please upload an audio file.",
            )

        if not getattr(request.state, "skip_api_monitor", False):
            monitor_id = api_monitor.start(
                endpoint = request.url.path,
                method = request.method,
                model = model_name,
                prompt = _monitor_prompt_from_messages(payload.messages),
                context_length = _monitor_context_length(),
                subject = current_subject,
            )

        # ── Audio INPUT path: decode WAV and route to audio input generation ──
        if payload.audio_base64 and model_info.get("has_audio_input"):
            try:
                audio_array = _decode_audio_base64(payload.audio_base64)
                system_prompt, chat_messages, _ = _extract_content_parts(payload.messages)
            except Exception as e:
                api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
                raise
            cancel_event = threading.Event()
            completion_id = f"chatcmpl-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
            created = int(time.time())

            def audio_input_generate():
                if model_info.get("audio_type") == "whisper":
                    return backend.generate_whisper_response(
                        audio_array = audio_array,
                        cancel_event = cancel_event,
                    )
                return backend.generate_audio_input_response(
                    messages = chat_messages,
                    system_prompt = system_prompt,
                    audio_array = audio_array,
                    temperature = payload.temperature,
                    top_p = payload.top_p,
                    top_k = payload.top_k,
                    min_p = payload.min_p,
                    max_new_tokens = _effective_max_tokens(payload) or 2048,
                    repetition_penalty = payload.repetition_penalty,
                    cancel_event = cancel_event,
                )

            if payload.stream:
                _cancel_keys = (payload.cancel_id, payload.session_id, completion_id)
                _tracker = _TrackedCancel(cancel_event, *_cancel_keys)
                _tracker.__enter__()

                async def audio_input_stream():
                    disconnect_watcher = asyncio.create_task(
                        _await_disconnect_then_cancel(request, cancel_event)
                    )
                    try:
                        yield _chat_role_chunk(completion_id, created, model_name)

                        gen = audio_input_generate()
                        _DONE = object()
                        cancelled = False
                        while True:
                            if cancel_event.is_set():
                                cancelled = True
                                break
                            if await request.is_disconnected():
                                cancel_event.set()
                                api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                                return
                            chunk_text = await asyncio.to_thread(next, gen, _DONE)
                            if chunk_text is _DONE:
                                break
                            if chunk_text:
                                api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, chunk_text)
                                yield _chat_content_chunk(
                                    completion_id, created, model_name, chunk_text
                                )

                        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled" if cancelled else "completed")
                        yield _chat_final_chunk(completion_id, created, model_name, "stop")
                        yield "data: [DONE]\n\n"
                    except asyncio.CancelledError:
                        cancel_event.set()
                        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                        raise
                    except Exception as e:
                        logger.error(f"Error during audio input streaming: {e}", exc_info = True)
                        api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
                        yield f"data: {json.dumps({'error': {'message': _friendly_error(e), 'type': 'server_error'}})}\n\n"
                    finally:
                        await _stop_local_disconnect_cancel_watcher(disconnect_watcher)
                        _tracker.__exit__(None, None, None)

                return _SameTaskStreamingResponse(
                    audio_input_stream(),
                    media_type = "text/event-stream",
                    headers = {
                        "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
                        "Connection": "close",
                        "X-Accel-Buffering": "no",
                    },
                )
            else:
                try:
                    full_text = "".join(audio_input_generate())
                except Exception as e:
                    api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
                    raise
                api_monitor.set_reply(monitor_id, full_text)
                api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)
                response = ChatCompletion(
                    id = completion_id,
                    created = created,
                    model = model_name,
                    choices = [
                        CompletionChoice(
                            message = CompletionMessage(content = full_text),
                            finish_reason = "stop",
                        )
                    ],
                )
                return _model_json_response(response)

    if monitor_id is None and not getattr(request.state, "skip_api_monitor", False):
        monitor_id = api_monitor.start(
            endpoint = request.url.path,
            method = request.method,
            model = model_name,
            prompt = _monitor_prompt_from_messages(payload.messages),
            context_length = _monitor_context_length(),
            subject = current_subject,
        )

    # Finalize the monitor entry on validation rejection before raising.
    def _reject(status_code: int, detail: Any) -> "HTTPException":
        if monitor_id is not None:
            fail_detail = detail if isinstance(detail, str) else json.dumps(detail, default = str)
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, fail_detail)
        return HTTPException(status_code = status_code, detail = detail)

    def _reject_unsupported_n(path_label: str) -> "HTTPException":
        return _reject(
            400,
            openai_error_body(
                f"n > 1 is not supported for {path_label}.",
                status = 400,
                code = "unsupported_parameter",
                param = "n",
            ),
        )

    # ── Standard OpenAI function-calling pass-through (GGUF only) ────
    # When a client (opencode / Claude Code via OpenAI compat / Cursor /
    # Continue / ...) sends standard OpenAI `tools` without Studio's
    # `enable_tools` shorthand, forward the request to llama-server
    # verbatim so structured `tool_calls` flow back to the client. This
    # branch runs BEFORE `_extract_content_parts` because that helper is
    # unaware of `role="tool"` messages and assistant messages that only
    # carry `tool_calls` (content=None) — both of which are valid in
    # multi-turn client-side tool loops.
    effective_max_tokens = _effective_max_tokens(payload)

    normalized_stop = _normalize_stop_sequences(payload.stop)

    _has_tool_messages = any(m.role == "tool" or m.tool_calls for m in payload.messages)
    # Route guided-decoding requests through the verbatim passthrough so
    # ``response_format`` (JSON schema) reaches llama-server and the model's
    # GBNF-constrained output comes back unmodified. The non-passthrough GGUF
    # path below calls ``generate_chat_completion`` which has no response_format
    # kwarg, so the schema gets silently dropped and data_designer falls back to
    # free-form sampling. Guided decoding does not require ``supports_tools`` --
    # the grammar machinery is independent of tool-call parsing.
    _has_response_format = _extract_response_format(payload) is not None
    _tools_passthrough = llama_backend.supports_tools and (
        (payload.tools and len(payload.tools) > 0) or _has_tool_messages
    )
    if (
        using_gguf
        and not _effective_enable_tools(payload)
        and (_tools_passthrough or _has_response_format)
    ):
        if _wants_multiple_choices(payload):
            raise _reject_unsupported_n("GGUF tool or response_format passthrough")
        if payload.audio_base64:
            # This path forwards the request verbatim, so the transcoded audio
            # never gets injected. (The agentic tool loop below does support
            # audio.)
            raise _reject(
                400,
                "Audio input is not supported together with guided decoding or client-supplied tools yet.",
            )

        # Preserve the vision guard from the non-passthrough path below:
        # text-only tool-capable GGUFs should return a clear 400 here rather
        # than forwarding the image to llama-server and surfacing an opaque
        # upstream error.
        if not llama_backend.is_vision and (
            payload.image_base64
            or any(
                isinstance(m.content, list)
                and any(isinstance(p, ImageContentPart) for p in m.content)
                for m in payload.messages
            )
        ):
            raise _reject(
                400,
                "Image provided but current GGUF model does not support vision.",
            )

        cancel_event = threading.Event()
        completion_id = f"chatcmpl-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
        # `stream` defaults to False on ChatCompletionRequest (OpenAI spec
        # parity). Naive curl / .NET / System.Text.Json clients omitting the
        # field used to get SSE here and choke on deserialization (#5047).
        if payload.stream:
            return await _openai_passthrough_stream(
                request,
                cancel_event,
                llama_backend,
                payload,
                model_name,
                completion_id,
                monitor_id = monitor_id,
            )
        return await _openai_passthrough_non_streaming(
            llama_backend,
            payload,
            model_name,
            monitor_id = monitor_id,
        )

    # ── Parse messages (handles multimodal content parts) ─────
    system_prompt, chat_messages, extracted_image_b64 = _extract_content_parts(payload.messages)

    if not chat_messages:
        raise _reject(400, "At least one non-system message is required.")

    # ── GGUF path: proxy to llama-server /v1/chat/completions ──
    if using_gguf:
        # Forward uploaded audio as an input_audio part. wav/mp3 pass through
        # untouched (llama-server decodes and resamples them via the mmproj
        # audio encoder); other containers are transcoded to WAV here. The part
        # is injected into the message list below so it rides through both the
        # plain and tool-calling paths, exactly like image_url parts.
        audio_b64 = None
        audio_format = "wav"
        if payload.audio_base64:
            if not getattr(llama_backend, "_has_audio_input", False):
                raise _reject(
                    400,
                    "Audio provided but current GGUF model does not support audio input.",
                )
            if len(payload.audio_base64) > _MAX_AUDIO_B64_CHARS:
                raise _reject(413, "Audio file is too large (max ~25 MB).")
            try:
                audio_b64, audio_format = await asyncio.to_thread(
                    _prepare_audio_for_llama, payload.audio_base64
                )
            except Exception as e:
                logger.warning("Audio decode failed: %s", e, exc_info = True)
                raise _reject(400, "Could not decode the provided audio file.")

        gguf_messages, _ = _openai_messages_for_gguf_chat(
            payload,
            llama_backend.is_vision,
        )
        gguf_messages = _set_or_prepend_system_message(gguf_messages, system_prompt)
        image_b64 = None
        if audio_b64:
            _inject_audio_part(gguf_messages, audio_b64, audio_format)

        cancel_event = threading.Event()

        completion_id = f"chatcmpl-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
        created = int(time.time())

        def _new_chat_reasoning_extractor():
            return _ResponsesReasoningExtractor(
                parse_think_markers = _responses_should_parse_think_markers(
                    payload,
                    llama_backend,
                )
            )

        def _gguf_chat_delta_line(delta: ChoiceDelta, finish_reason = None) -> str:
            chunk = ChatCompletionChunk(
                id = completion_id,
                created = created,
                model = model_name,
                choices = [
                    ChunkChoice(
                        delta = delta,
                        finish_reason = finish_reason,
                    )
                ],
            )
            return f"data: {chunk.model_dump_json(exclude_none = True)}\n\n"

        # ── Tool-calling path (agentic loop) ──────────────────
        # `_effective_enable_tools` lets `unsloth run --enable-tools/--disable-tools`
        # hard-override the per-request value, else falls back to
        # `payload.enable_tools`. `mcp_enabled=true` also opens the tool loop so
        # MCP-only callers needn't flip a second flag, BUT must still honor a
        # CLI `--disable-tools` policy -- checking the raw policy here keeps
        # `mcp_enabled` from re-enabling tools the operator explicitly forbade.
        from state.tool_policy import get_tool_policy as _get_tool_policy_g

        _cli_policy = _get_tool_policy_g()
        _tools_on = _effective_enable_tools(payload)
        _mcp_allowed = bool(payload.mcp_enabled) and _cli_policy is not False
        use_tools = (_tools_on or _mcp_allowed) and llama_backend.supports_tools

        if use_tools:
            tools_to_use = await _select_request_tools(
                payload, tools_on = _tools_on, mcp_allowed = _mcp_allowed
            )
            # Skip the tool loop when no tool survived, so the safetensors
            # loop's "empty = allow all" semantic can't reach built-in tools
            # the caller didn't opt into. Callers who omit enabled_tools still
            # get ALL_TOOLS here, so this only suppresses the loop when
            # discovery + opt-in left it genuinely empty.
            if not tools_to_use:
                use_tools = False

        if use_tools:
            # Bypass Permissions suppresses confirm, so the stream requirement
            # (the gate needs streaming to prompt) no longer applies.
            if payload.confirm_tool_calls and not payload.bypass_permissions and not payload.stream:
                raise _reject(
                    400,
                    openai_error_body(
                        "confirm_tool_calls requires stream=true for local tool execution.",
                        status = 400,
                        code = "invalid_request_error",
                        param = "confirm_tool_calls",
                    ),
                )
            if _wants_multiple_choices(payload):
                raise _reject_unsupported_n("GGUF tool chat completions")
            # ── Tool-use system prompt nudge ──────────────────────
            _nudge = _build_tool_action_nudge(
                tools = tools_to_use,
                model_name = model_name,
            )

            # Nudge the model to ground in attached documents instead of memory.
            _nudge = _apply_rag_nudge(_nudge, tools_to_use, rag_scope = payload.rag_scope)

            if _nudge:
                # Append nudge to system prompt (preserve user's prompt)
                if system_prompt:
                    system_prompt = system_prompt.rstrip() + "\n\n" + _nudge
                else:
                    system_prompt = _nudge
                gguf_messages = _set_or_prepend_system_message(gguf_messages, system_prompt)

            _gguf_auto_heal_tool_calls = (
                payload.auto_heal_tool_calls if payload.auto_heal_tool_calls is not None else True
            )

            # ── Strip stale tool-call XML from conversation history ─
            for _msg in gguf_messages:
                if _msg.get("role") == "assistant" and isinstance(_msg.get("content"), str):
                    _msg["content"] = _strip_tool_xml_for_display(
                        _msg["content"],
                        auto_heal_tool_calls = _gguf_auto_heal_tool_calls,
                    ).strip()

            def gguf_generate_with_tools():
                return llama_backend.generate_chat_completion_with_tools(
                    messages = gguf_messages,
                    tools = tools_to_use,
                    temperature = payload.temperature,
                    top_p = payload.top_p,
                    top_k = payload.top_k,
                    min_p = payload.min_p,
                    max_tokens = effective_max_tokens,
                    repetition_penalty = payload.repetition_penalty,
                    presence_penalty = payload.presence_penalty,
                    stop = normalized_stop,
                    cancel_event = cancel_event,
                    seed = payload.seed,
                    enable_thinking = payload.enable_thinking,
                    reasoning_effort = payload.reasoning_effort,
                    preserve_thinking = payload.preserve_thinking,
                    auto_heal_tool_calls = _gguf_auto_heal_tool_calls,
                    max_tool_iterations = payload.max_tool_calls_per_message
                    if payload.max_tool_calls_per_message is not None
                    else 25,
                    tool_call_timeout = payload.tool_call_timeout
                    if payload.tool_call_timeout is not None
                    else 300,
                    session_id = payload.session_id,
                    rag_scope = payload.rag_scope,
                    disable_parallel_tool_use = payload.parallel_tool_calls is False,
                    # Bypass Permissions takes precedence over the confirm gate:
                    # never prompt while bypassing.
                    confirm_tool_calls = bool(payload.confirm_tool_calls)
                    and not bool(payload.bypass_permissions),
                    bypass_permissions = bool(payload.bypass_permissions),
                )

            _tool_sentinel = object()

            _cancel_keys = (payload.cancel_id, payload.session_id, completion_id)
            _tracker = _TrackedCancel(cancel_event, *_cancel_keys)
            _tracker.__enter__()

            async def gguf_tool_stream():
                gen = None
                disconnect_watcher = asyncio.create_task(
                    _await_disconnect_then_cancel(request, cancel_event)
                )
                try:
                    yield _chat_role_chunk(completion_id, created, model_name)

                    # Iterate the sync generator in a thread so the event loop
                    # stays free for disconnect detection.
                    gen = gguf_generate_with_tools()
                    prev_text = ""
                    reasoning_extractor = _new_chat_reasoning_extractor()
                    _stream_usage = None
                    _stream_timings = None
                    _stream_finish = None

                    def _flush_reasoning_extractor():
                        final_reasoning, final_visible = reasoning_extractor.finish()
                        chunks = []
                        if final_reasoning:
                            chunks.append(
                                _gguf_chat_delta_line(
                                    ChoiceDelta(reasoning_content = final_reasoning)
                                )
                            )
                        if final_visible:
                            api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, final_visible)
                            chunks.append(_gguf_chat_delta_line(ChoiceDelta(content = final_visible)))
                        return chunks

                    while True:
                        if cancel_event.is_set():
                            break
                        if await request.is_disconnected():
                            cancel_event.set()
                            api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                            return

                        event = await asyncio.to_thread(next, gen, _tool_sentinel)
                        if event is _tool_sentinel:
                            break

                        if event["type"] == "status":
                            # Empty status marks an iteration boundary in the
                            # GGUF tool loop (e.g. after a re-prompt). Reset the
                            # cumulative cursor so the next assistant turn
                            # streams cleanly.
                            if not event["text"]:
                                for chunk in _flush_reasoning_extractor():
                                    yield chunk
                                prev_text = ""
                                reasoning_extractor = _new_chat_reasoning_extractor()
                            # Emit tool status as a custom SSE event (including
                            # empty ones to clear UI badges)
                            status_data = json.dumps(
                                {
                                    "type": "tool_status",
                                    "content": event["text"],
                                }
                            )
                            yield f"data: {status_data}\n\n"
                            continue

                        if event["type"] in ("tool_start", "tool_end"):
                            if event["type"] == "tool_start":
                                for chunk in _flush_reasoning_extractor():
                                    yield chunk
                                prev_text = ""
                                reasoning_extractor = _new_chat_reasoning_extractor()
                            yield f"data: {json.dumps(event)}\n\n"
                            continue

                        if event["type"] == "metadata":
                            _stream_usage = event.get("usage")
                            _stream_timings = event.get("timings")
                            _stream_finish = event.get("finish_reason")
                            continue

                        if event["type"] == "reasoning_summary":
                            # Forward server-side reasoning timing to the UI.
                            yield f"data: {json.dumps(event)}\n\n"
                            continue

                        # "content" type -- cumulative text. Sanitize the full
                        # cumulative then diff against the last sanitized
                        # snapshot so cross-chunk XML tags are handled correctly.
                        raw_cumulative = event.get("text", "")
                        clean_cumulative = _strip_tool_xml_for_display(
                            raw_cumulative,
                            auto_heal_tool_calls = _gguf_auto_heal_tool_calls,
                        )
                        new_text = clean_cumulative[len(prev_text) :]
                        prev_text = clean_cumulative
                        if not new_text:
                            continue
                        reasoning_delta, visible_delta = reasoning_extractor.feed(new_text)
                        if reasoning_delta:
                            yield _gguf_chat_delta_line(
                                ChoiceDelta(reasoning_content = reasoning_delta)
                            )
                        if visible_delta:
                            api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, visible_delta)
                            yield _gguf_chat_delta_line(ChoiceDelta(content = visible_delta))

                    for chunk in _flush_reasoning_extractor():
                        yield chunk

                    final_chunk = ChatCompletionChunk(
                        id = completion_id,
                        created = created,
                        model = model_name,
                        choices = [
                            ChunkChoice(
                                delta = ChoiceDelta(),
                                finish_reason = _clamp_finish_reason(_stream_finish),
                            )
                        ],
                    )
                    # Emit the terminal chunk carrying finish_reason before the
                    # optional usage chunk and [DONE], so OpenAI-compatible
                    # clients can detect stop/length/tool_calls.
                    yield f"data: {final_chunk.model_dump_json(exclude_none = True)}\n\n"
                    usage_line = _openai_stream_usage_chunk(
                        payload,
                        completion_id,
                        created,
                        model_name,
                        _stream_usage,
                        _stream_timings,
                    )
                    if usage_line is not None:
                        yield usage_line
                    _monitor_usage(monitor_id, _stream_usage, _monitor_context_length())
                    api_monitor.finish(
                        monitor_id, "cancelled" if cancel_event.is_set() else "completed"
                    )
                    yield "data: [DONE]\n\n"

                except asyncio.CancelledError:
                    cancel_event.set()
                    api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                    raise
                except Exception as e:
                    logger.error(f"Error during GGUF tool streaming: {e}", exc_info = True)
                    api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
                    # Recover if an MTP+tensor crash killed the server mid-stream.
                    get_llama_cpp_backend()._maybe_recover_from_mtp_crash(e)
                    error_chunk = _openai_stream_error_chunk(e)
                    yield f"data: {json.dumps(error_chunk)}\n\n"
                finally:
                    await _stop_local_disconnect_cancel_watcher(disconnect_watcher)
                    if gen is not None:
                        try:
                            gen.close()
                        except (RuntimeError, ValueError):
                            pass
                    _tracker.__exit__(None, None, None)

            if payload.stream:
                return _SameTaskStreamingResponse(
                    gguf_tool_stream(),
                    media_type = "text/event-stream",
                    headers = {
                        "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
                        "Connection": "close",
                        "X-Accel-Buffering": "no",
                    },
                )

            # Non-streaming JSON: drain the agentic generator into one
            # ChatCompletion, like the standard GGUF `else` branch. stream:false
            # with tools enabled used to return an SSE body, breaking
            # non-streaming clients; `unsloth studio run --model` forces tools on
            # process-wide, so plain requests reach this path (#6570).
            def _drain_gguf_tool_loop():
                full_text = ""
                usage = None
                finish = None
                gen = gguf_generate_with_tools()
                try:
                    for event in gen:
                        if cancel_event.is_set():
                            break
                        if event.get("type") == "metadata":
                            usage = event.get("usage")
                            finish = event.get("finish_reason")
                        elif event.get("type") == "content":
                            # Content is cumulative within a turn and resets
                            # between turns, so the last event holds the final
                            # turn's text. As in the safetensors drain, a visible
                            # preamble emitted before a tool call (its own earlier
                            # turn) isn't carried -- only the final turn is.
                            full_text = _strip_tool_xml_for_display(
                                event.get("text", ""),
                                auto_heal_tool_calls = _gguf_auto_heal_tool_calls,
                            )
                    return full_text, usage, finish
                finally:
                    # Close the generator on early break/cancel so the underlying
                    # llama-server stream socket is released, like the SSE path.
                    try:
                        gen.close()
                    except (RuntimeError, ValueError):
                        pass

            try:
                full_text, completion_usage, completion_finish = await asyncio.to_thread(
                    _drain_gguf_tool_loop
                )
                reasoning_text, visible_text = _extract_responses_reasoning(
                    full_text,
                    parse_think_markers = _responses_should_parse_think_markers(
                        payload, llama_backend
                    ),
                )
                message_kwargs = {"content": visible_text}
                if reasoning_text:
                    message_kwargs["reasoning_content"] = reasoning_text
                _usage = completion_usage or {}
                _prompt_tokens = _usage.get("prompt_tokens") or 0
                _completion_tokens = _usage.get("completion_tokens") or 0
                response = ChatCompletion(
                    id = completion_id,
                    created = created,
                    model = model_name,
                    choices = [
                        CompletionChoice(
                            message = CompletionMessage(**message_kwargs),
                            finish_reason = _clamp_finish_reason(completion_finish),
                        )
                    ],
                    usage = CompletionUsage(
                        prompt_tokens = _prompt_tokens,
                        completion_tokens = _completion_tokens,
                        total_tokens = _prompt_tokens + _completion_tokens,
                        prompt_tokens_details = _prompt_tokens_details(
                            _usage.get("prompt_tokens_details")
                        ),
                    ),
                )
                api_monitor.set_reply(monitor_id, visible_text)
                _monitor_usage(
                    monitor_id,
                    {
                        "prompt_tokens": _prompt_tokens,
                        "completion_tokens": _completion_tokens,
                        "total_tokens": _prompt_tokens + _completion_tokens,
                    },
                    _monitor_context_length(),
                )
                api_monitor.finish(
                    monitor_id, "cancelled" if cancel_event.is_set() else "completed"
                )
                return _model_json_response(response)
            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"Error during GGUF tool completion: {e}", exc_info = True)
                api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
                # Recover if an MTP+tensor crash killed the server.
                get_llama_cpp_backend()._maybe_recover_from_mtp_crash(e)
                # An over-context prompt makes llama-server return 400; map any
                # upstream 4xx to a 400 client error rather than leaking a 500.
                _cls = _classify_llama_generation_error(e)
                if _cls is not None:
                    raise HTTPException(
                        status_code = 400,
                        detail = openai_error_body(
                            _friendly_error(e),
                            status = 400,
                            code = "context_length_exceeded" if _cls else None,
                            param = "messages",
                        ),
                    )
                raise HTTPException(status_code = 500, detail = safe_error_detail(e))
            finally:
                _tracker.__exit__(None, None, None)

        # ── Standard GGUF path (no tools) ─────────────────────

        def gguf_generate(choice_index: int = 0):
            _seed = payload.seed
            if _seed is not None and _seed >= 0 and choice_index:
                _seed += choice_index
            return llama_backend.generate_chat_completion(
                messages = gguf_messages,
                image_b64 = image_b64,
                temperature = payload.temperature,
                top_p = payload.top_p,
                top_k = payload.top_k,
                min_p = payload.min_p,
                max_tokens = effective_max_tokens,
                repetition_penalty = payload.repetition_penalty,
                presence_penalty = payload.presence_penalty,
                stop = normalized_stop,
                cancel_event = cancel_event,
                enable_thinking = payload.enable_thinking,
                reasoning_effort = payload.reasoning_effort,
                preserve_thinking = payload.preserve_thinking,
                seed = _seed,
            )

        _gguf_sentinel = object()

        if payload.stream:
            if _wants_multiple_choices(payload):
                raise _reject_unsupported_n("streaming GGUF chat completions")
            _cancel_keys = (payload.cancel_id, payload.session_id, completion_id)
            _tracker = _TrackedCancel(cancel_event, *_cancel_keys)
            _tracker.__enter__()

            async def gguf_stream_chunks():
                disconnect_watcher = asyncio.create_task(
                    _await_disconnect_then_cancel(request, cancel_event)
                )
                try:
                    yield _chat_role_chunk(completion_id, created, model_name)

                    # Iterate the sync generator in a thread so the event loop
                    # stays free for disconnect detection.
                    gen = gguf_generate()
                    prev_text = ""
                    reasoning_extractor = _new_chat_reasoning_extractor()
                    _stream_usage = None
                    _stream_timings = None
                    _stream_finish = None
                    while True:
                        if cancel_event.is_set():
                            break
                        if await request.is_disconnected():
                            cancel_event.set()
                            api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                            return
                        cumulative = await asyncio.to_thread(next, gen, _gguf_sentinel)
                        if cumulative is _gguf_sentinel:
                            break
                        # Capture server metadata for the final usage chunk
                        if isinstance(cumulative, dict):
                            if cumulative.get("type") == "metadata":
                                _stream_usage = cumulative.get("usage")
                                _stream_timings = cumulative.get("timings")
                                _stream_finish = cumulative.get("finish_reason")
                            elif cumulative.get("type") == "diffusion_frame":
                                # Diffusion frame (per-step canvas): pass through as a raw SSE line on the
                                # tool_status channel. No assistant text, so it never enters the cumulative diff.
                                yield f"data: {json.dumps(cumulative)}\n\n"
                            else:
                                logger.warning(
                                    "gguf_stream_chunks: unexpected dict event: %s",
                                    {k: v for k, v in cumulative.items() if k != "timings"},
                                )
                            continue
                        new_text = cumulative[len(prev_text) :]
                        prev_text = cumulative
                        if not new_text:
                            continue
                        reasoning_delta, visible_delta = reasoning_extractor.feed(new_text)
                        if reasoning_delta:
                            yield _gguf_chat_delta_line(
                                ChoiceDelta(reasoning_content = reasoning_delta)
                            )
                        if visible_delta:
                            api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, visible_delta)
                            yield _gguf_chat_delta_line(ChoiceDelta(content = visible_delta))

                    final_reasoning, final_visible = reasoning_extractor.finish()
                    if final_reasoning:
                        yield _gguf_chat_delta_line(ChoiceDelta(reasoning_content = final_reasoning))
                    if final_visible:
                        api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, final_visible)
                        yield _gguf_chat_delta_line(ChoiceDelta(content = final_visible))

                    # Final chunk
                    final_chunk = ChatCompletionChunk(
                        id = completion_id,
                        created = created,
                        model = model_name,
                        choices = [
                            ChunkChoice(
                                delta = ChoiceDelta(),
                                finish_reason = _clamp_finish_reason(_stream_finish),
                            )
                        ],
                    )
                    # Emit the terminal chunk carrying finish_reason before the
                    # optional usage chunk and [DONE], so OpenAI-compatible
                    # clients can detect stop/length/tool_calls.
                    yield f"data: {final_chunk.model_dump_json(exclude_none = True)}\n\n"
                    usage_line = _openai_stream_usage_chunk(
                        payload,
                        completion_id,
                        created,
                        model_name,
                        _stream_usage,
                        _stream_timings,
                    )
                    if usage_line is not None:
                        yield usage_line
                    _monitor_usage(monitor_id, _stream_usage, _monitor_context_length())
                    api_monitor.finish(
                        monitor_id, "cancelled" if cancel_event.is_set() else "completed"
                    )
                    yield "data: [DONE]\n\n"

                except asyncio.CancelledError:
                    cancel_event.set()
                    api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                    raise
                except Exception as e:
                    logger.error(f"Error during GGUF streaming: {e}", exc_info = True)
                    api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
                    error_chunk = _openai_stream_error_chunk(e)
                    yield f"data: {json.dumps(error_chunk)}\n\n"
                finally:
                    await _stop_local_disconnect_cancel_watcher(disconnect_watcher)
                    _tracker.__exit__(None, None, None)

            return _SameTaskStreamingResponse(
                gguf_stream_chunks(),
                media_type = "text/event-stream",
                headers = {
                    "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
                    "Connection": "close",
                    "X-Accel-Buffering": "no",
                },
            )
        else:
            try:
                # ``n`` requests several independent completions; the single
                # decode slot yields one at a time, so loop sequentially.
                _n = payload.n or 1

                _choices = []
                _monitor_replies = []
                _prompt_tokens = 0
                _sum_completion = 0
                _prompt_details = None
                for _idx in range(_n):
                    # Stop spawning the remaining choices once cancelled.
                    if cancel_event.is_set():
                        break
                    full_text = ""
                    completion_usage = None
                    completion_finish = None
                    for token in gguf_generate(_idx):
                        if isinstance(token, dict):
                            if token.get("type") == "metadata":
                                completion_usage = token.get("usage")
                                completion_finish = token.get("finish_reason")
                            continue
                        full_text = token

                    reasoning_text, visible_text = _extract_responses_reasoning(
                        full_text,
                        parse_think_markers = _responses_should_parse_think_markers(
                            payload,
                            llama_backend,
                        ),
                    )
                    message_kwargs = {"content": visible_text}
                    if reasoning_text:
                        message_kwargs["reasoning_content"] = reasoning_text
                    _choices.append(
                        CompletionChoice(
                            index = _idx,
                            message = CompletionMessage(**message_kwargs),
                            finish_reason = _clamp_finish_reason(completion_finish),
                        )
                    )
                    _monitor_replies.append(visible_text)
                    if completion_usage:
                        # The prompt is shared across all n choices, so count its
                        # tokens ONCE (OpenAI bills only generated tokens for each
                        # extra choice). Only completion_tokens accumulates.
                        _prompt_tokens = completion_usage.get("prompt_tokens") or _prompt_tokens
                        _sum_completion += completion_usage.get("completion_tokens") or 0
                        if _prompt_details is None:
                            _prompt_details = completion_usage.get("prompt_tokens_details")

                response = ChatCompletion(
                    id = completion_id,
                    created = created,
                    model = model_name,
                    choices = _choices,
                    usage = CompletionUsage(
                        prompt_tokens = _prompt_tokens,
                        completion_tokens = _sum_completion,
                        total_tokens = _prompt_tokens + _sum_completion,
                        prompt_tokens_details = _prompt_tokens_details(_prompt_details),
                    ),
                )
                monitor_reply = _monitor_replies[-1] if _monitor_replies else ""
                if _n > 1:
                    monitor_reply = "\n\n".join(
                        f"Choice {_idx + 1}:\n{text}" for _idx, text in enumerate(_monitor_replies)
                    )
                api_monitor.set_reply(monitor_id, monitor_reply)
                _monitor_usage(
                    monitor_id,
                    {
                        "prompt_tokens": _prompt_tokens,
                        "completion_tokens": _sum_completion,
                        "total_tokens": _prompt_tokens + _sum_completion,
                    },
                    _monitor_context_length(),
                )
                api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)
                return _model_json_response(response)

            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"Error during GGUF completion: {e}", exc_info = True)
                api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
                # Recover if an MTP+tensor crash killed the server.
                get_llama_cpp_backend()._maybe_recover_from_mtp_crash(e)
                # An over-context prompt makes llama-server return 400; map any
                # upstream 4xx to a 400 client error rather than leaking a 500.
                _cls = _classify_llama_generation_error(e)
                if _cls is not None:
                    raise HTTPException(
                        status_code = 400,
                        detail = openai_error_body(
                            _friendly_error(e),
                            status = 400,
                            code = "context_length_exceeded" if _cls else None,
                            param = "messages",
                        ),
                    )
                raise HTTPException(status_code = 500, detail = safe_error_detail(e))

    # ── Standard Unsloth path ─────────────────────────────────

    # Decode image (from content parts OR legacy field)
    image_b64 = extracted_image_b64 or payload.image_base64
    image = None

    if image_b64:
        try:
            import base64
            from PIL import Image
            from io import BytesIO

            model_info = backend.models.get(backend.active_model_name, {})
            if not model_info.get("is_vision"):
                raise HTTPException(
                    status_code = 400,
                    detail = "Image provided but current model is text-only. Load a vision model.",
                )

            image_data = base64.b64decode(image_b64)
            image = Image.open(BytesIO(image_data))
            image = backend.resize_image(image)

        except HTTPException:
            raise
        except Exception as e:
            raise log_and_http_error(
                e,
                400,
                "Failed to decode image",
                event = "inference.decode_image_failed",
                log = logger,
            )

    # Classify capability flags from the loaded template.
    _sf_model_info = backend.models.get(backend.active_model_name, {})
    _sf_tpl = (_sf_model_info.get("chat_template_info") or {}).get("template")
    _sf_features = _detect_safetensors_features(backend, _sf_tpl)

    cancel_event = threading.Event()
    completion_id = f"chatcmpl-{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
    created = int(time.time())

    # ── Safetensors tool-calling path ─────────────────────────
    # Mirrors the GGUF agentic loop's event shape. Disabled for vision turns
    # (untested overlap with image render slot) and for gpt-oss (Harmony uses
    # dedicated channels, not <tool_call> XML -- gpt-oss tools still work via
    # the GGUF path).
    _sf_is_gptoss = False
    try:
        _sf_is_gptoss = bool(hasattr(backend, "_is_gpt_oss_model") and backend._is_gpt_oss_model())
    except Exception:
        _sf_is_gptoss = False

    _sf_tool_budget = (
        payload.max_tool_calls_per_message if payload.max_tool_calls_per_message is not None else 25
    )

    # Match the GGUF path: mcp_enabled also opens the tool loop on its own
    # but must still honor a CLI `--disable-tools` policy.
    from state.tool_policy import get_tool_policy as _get_tool_policy_sf

    _sf_cli_policy = _get_tool_policy_sf()
    _sf_tools_on = _effective_enable_tools(payload)
    _sf_mcp_allowed = bool(payload.mcp_enabled) and _sf_cli_policy is not False
    _sf_use_tools = (
        (_sf_tools_on or _sf_mcp_allowed)
        and _sf_features.get("supports_tools", False)
        and image is None
        and not _sf_is_gptoss
        and _sf_tool_budget > 0
    )

    if _sf_use_tools:
        _sf_tools_to_use = await _select_request_tools(
            payload, tools_on = _sf_tools_on, mcp_allowed = _sf_mcp_allowed
        )
        # Mirror the GGUF path: refuse to enter the tool loop when nothing
        # survived, so a model-emitted built-in call can't piggy-back on the
        # empty allow-list.
        if not _sf_tools_to_use:
            _sf_use_tools = False

    if _sf_use_tools:
        # Bypass Permissions suppresses confirm, so the stream requirement
        # (the gate needs streaming to prompt) no longer applies.
        if payload.confirm_tool_calls and not payload.bypass_permissions and not payload.stream:
            raise _reject(
                400,
                openai_error_body(
                    "confirm_tool_calls requires stream=true for local tool execution.",
                    status = 400,
                    code = "invalid_request_error",
                    param = "confirm_tool_calls",
                ),
            )
        _sf_nudge = _build_tool_action_nudge(
            tools = _sf_tools_to_use,
            model_name = model_name,
        )

        # RAG nudge, mirroring the GGUF path.
        _sf_nudge = _apply_rag_nudge(_sf_nudge, _sf_tools_to_use, rag_scope = payload.rag_scope)

        _sf_system_prompt = system_prompt
        if _sf_nudge:
            if _sf_system_prompt:
                _sf_system_prompt = _sf_system_prompt.rstrip() + "\n\n" + _sf_nudge
            else:
                _sf_system_prompt = _sf_nudge

        _sf_auto_heal_tool_calls = (
            payload.auto_heal_tool_calls if payload.auto_heal_tool_calls is not None else True
        )

        # Strip stale tool-call XML from prior assistant turns.
        _sf_chat_messages = []
        for _msg in chat_messages:
            if _msg.get("role") == "assistant" and isinstance(_msg.get("content"), str):
                _sf_chat_messages.append(
                    {
                        **_msg,
                        "content": _strip_tool_xml_for_display(
                            _msg["content"],
                            auto_heal_tool_calls = _sf_auto_heal_tool_calls,
                        ).strip(),
                    }
                )
            else:
                _sf_chat_messages.append(_msg)

        # Request-scoped usage/timings receptacle (filled at gen_done).
        _sf_stats_holder: dict = {}

        def sf_generate_with_tools():
            return backend.generate_chat_completion_with_tools(
                messages = _sf_chat_messages,
                tools = _sf_tools_to_use,
                system_prompt = _sf_system_prompt or "",
                temperature = payload.temperature,
                top_p = payload.top_p,
                top_k = payload.top_k,
                min_p = payload.min_p,
                max_tokens = effective_max_tokens,
                repetition_penalty = payload.repetition_penalty,
                cancel_event = cancel_event,
                enable_thinking = payload.enable_thinking,
                reasoning_effort = payload.reasoning_effort,
                preserve_thinking = payload.preserve_thinking,
                auto_heal_tool_calls = _sf_auto_heal_tool_calls,
                max_tool_iterations = _sf_tool_budget,
                tool_call_timeout = payload.tool_call_timeout
                if payload.tool_call_timeout is not None
                else 300,
                session_id = payload.session_id,
                rag_scope = payload.rag_scope,
                # Bypass Permissions takes precedence over the confirm gate:
                # never prompt while bypassing.
                confirm_tool_calls = bool(payload.confirm_tool_calls)
                and not bool(payload.bypass_permissions),
                bypass_permissions = bool(payload.bypass_permissions),
                use_adapter = payload.use_adapter,
                stats_holder = _sf_stats_holder,
            )

        _sf_tool_sentinel = object()
        _sf_cancel_keys = (payload.cancel_id, payload.session_id, completion_id)
        _sf_tracker = _TrackedCancel(cancel_event, *_sf_cancel_keys)
        _sf_tracker.__enter__()

        async def sf_tool_stream():
            gen = None
            disconnect_watcher = asyncio.create_task(
                _await_disconnect_then_cancel(request, cancel_event)
            )
            try:
                yield _chat_role_chunk(completion_id, created, model_name)

                gen = sf_generate_with_tools()
                prev_text = ""
                while True:
                    if cancel_event.is_set():
                        backend.reset_generation_state()
                        break
                    if await request.is_disconnected():
                        cancel_event.set()
                        backend.reset_generation_state()
                        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                        return

                    event = await asyncio.to_thread(next, gen, _sf_tool_sentinel)
                    if event is _sf_tool_sentinel:
                        break

                    if event["type"] == "status":
                        if not event["text"]:
                            prev_text = ""
                        status_data = json.dumps(
                            {
                                "type": "tool_status",
                                "content": event["text"],
                            }
                        )
                        yield f"data: {status_data}\n\n"
                        continue

                    if event["type"] in ("tool_start", "tool_end"):
                        if event["type"] == "tool_start":
                            prev_text = ""
                        yield f"data: {json.dumps(event)}\n\n"
                        continue

                    # Diff cumulative cleaned text against last snapshot.
                    raw_cumulative = event.get("text", "")
                    clean_cumulative = _strip_tool_xml_for_display(
                        raw_cumulative,
                        auto_heal_tool_calls = _sf_auto_heal_tool_calls,
                    )
                    new_text = clean_cumulative[len(prev_text) :]
                    prev_text = clean_cumulative
                    if not new_text:
                        continue
                    api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, new_text)
                    yield _chat_content_chunk(completion_id, created, model_name, new_text)

                yield _chat_final_chunk(completion_id, created, model_name, "stop")
                # Usage chunk from the last turn, same shape as the
                # GGUF tool loop's metadata. Request-scoped holder, so
                # concurrent streams cannot read each other's stats.
                _stats = _sf_stats_holder.get("stats")
                if _stats:
                    usage_line = _openai_stream_usage_chunk(
                        payload,
                        completion_id,
                        created,
                        model_name,
                        _stats.get("usage"),
                        _stats.get("timings"),
                    )
                    if usage_line is not None:
                        yield usage_line
                    _monitor_usage(monitor_id, _stats.get("usage"))
                api_monitor.finish(
                    monitor_id, "cancelled" if cancel_event.is_set() else "completed"
                )
                yield "data: [DONE]\n\n"

            except asyncio.CancelledError:
                cancel_event.set()
                backend.reset_generation_state()
                api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                raise
            except Exception:
                backend.reset_generation_state()
                # Generic wire message; full trace stays in the log (CWE-209:
                # transformers/torch errors may leak paths).
                logger.exception("safetensors tool stream error")
                api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, "An internal error occurred.")
                error_chunk = {
                    "error": {
                        "message": "An internal error occurred.",
                        "type": "server_error",
                    },
                }
                yield f"data: {json.dumps(error_chunk)}\n\n"
            finally:
                await _stop_local_disconnect_cancel_watcher(disconnect_watcher)
                if gen is not None:
                    try:
                        gen.close()
                    except (RuntimeError, ValueError):
                        pass
                _sf_tracker.__exit__(None, None, None)

        if payload.stream:
            return _SameTaskStreamingResponse(
                sf_tool_stream(),
                media_type = "text/event-stream",
                headers = {
                    "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
                    "Connection": "close",
                    "X-Accel-Buffering": "no",
                },
            )

        # Non-streaming JSON: drain the loop, build one ChatCompletion.
        try:

            def _drain_to_text():
                full_text = ""
                gen = sf_generate_with_tools()
                for event in gen:
                    if cancel_event.is_set():
                        break
                    if event.get("type") == "content":
                        full_text = _strip_tool_xml_for_display(
                            event.get("text", ""),
                            auto_heal_tool_calls = _sf_auto_heal_tool_calls,
                        )
                return full_text

            content_text = await asyncio.to_thread(_drain_to_text)
            api_monitor.set_reply(monitor_id, content_text)
            _stats = _sf_stats_holder.get("stats")
            if _stats:
                _monitor_usage(monitor_id, _stats.get("usage"))
            api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled" if cancel_event.is_set() else "completed")
            response = ChatCompletion(
                id = completion_id,
                created = created,
                model = model_name,
                choices = [
                    CompletionChoice(
                        message = CompletionMessage(content = content_text),
                        finish_reason = "stop",
                    )
                ],
            )
            return _model_json_response(response)
        except asyncio.CancelledError:
            cancel_event.set()
            backend.reset_generation_state()
            api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
            raise
        except Exception:
            backend.reset_generation_state()
            # CWE-209: generic detail; full trace in log.
            logger.exception("safetensors tool completion error")
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, "An internal error occurred.")
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 500,
                detail = "An internal error occurred.",
            )
        finally:
            _sf_tracker.__exit__(None, None, None)

    # Shared generation kwargs
    gen_kwargs = dict(
        messages = chat_messages,
        system_prompt = system_prompt,
        image = image,
        temperature = payload.temperature,
        top_p = payload.top_p,
        top_k = payload.top_k,
        min_p = payload.min_p,
        max_new_tokens = effective_max_tokens or 2048,
        repetition_penalty = payload.repetition_penalty,
    )
    # Forward reasoning kwargs; the worker/template wrapper peels off any the
    # template doesn't accept.
    if payload.enable_thinking is not None:
        gen_kwargs["enable_thinking"] = payload.enable_thinking
    if payload.reasoning_effort is not None:
        gen_kwargs["reasoning_effort"] = payload.reasoning_effort
    if payload.preserve_thinking is not None:
        gen_kwargs["preserve_thinking"] = payload.preserve_thinking

    # Request-scoped usage/timings receptacle (filled at gen_done).
    stats_holder: dict = {}

    if payload.use_adapter is not None:

        def generate():
            return backend.generate_with_adapter_control(
                use_adapter = payload.use_adapter,
                cancel_event = cancel_event,
                stats_holder = stats_holder,
                **gen_kwargs,
            )
    else:

        def generate():
            return backend.generate_chat_response(
                cancel_event = cancel_event,
                stats_holder = stats_holder,
                **gen_kwargs,
            )

    # ── Streaming response ────────────────────────────────────────
    if payload.stream:
        _cancel_keys = (payload.cancel_id, payload.session_id, completion_id)
        _tracker = _TrackedCancel(cancel_event, *_cancel_keys)
        _tracker.__enter__()

        async def stream_chunks():
            disconnect_watcher = asyncio.create_task(
                _await_disconnect_then_cancel(request, cancel_event)
            )
            try:
                yield _chat_role_chunk(completion_id, created, model_name)

                prev_text = ""
                # Run the sync generator in a thread pool to avoid blocking the
                # event loop. Critical for compare mode: two SSE requests arrive
                # concurrently but the orchestrator serializes them via
                # _gen_lock; without run_in_executor the second request's
                # blocking lock acquisition would freeze the entire event loop,
                # stalling both streams.
                _DONE = object()  # sentinel for generator exhaustion
                loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
                gen = generate()
                while True:
                    if cancel_event.is_set():
                        backend.reset_generation_state()
                        break
                    # next(gen, _DONE) returns _DONE instead of raising
                    # StopIteration -- StopIteration can't propagate through
                    # asyncio futures (Python limitation).
                    cumulative = await loop.run_in_executor(None, next, gen, _DONE)
                    if cumulative is _DONE:
                        break
                    if await request.is_disconnected():
                        cancel_event.set()
                        backend.reset_generation_state()
                        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                        return
                    new_text = cumulative[len(prev_text) :]
                    prev_text = cumulative
                    if not new_text:
                        continue
                    api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, new_text)
                    yield _chat_content_chunk(completion_id, created, model_name, new_text)

                yield _chat_final_chunk(completion_id, created, model_name, "stop")
                # Usage chunk (choices=[], usage set), same shape as the
                # GGUF path so the speed popover works for MLX too.
                # Request-scoped holder, so concurrent streams cannot
                # read each other's stats.
                _stats = stats_holder.get("stats")
                if _stats:
                    usage_line = _openai_stream_usage_chunk(
                        payload,
                        completion_id,
                        created,
                        model_name,
                        _stats.get("usage"),
                        _stats.get("timings"),
                    )
                    if usage_line is not None:
                        yield usage_line
                    _monitor_usage(monitor_id, _stats.get("usage"))
                api_monitor.finish(
                    monitor_id, "cancelled" if cancel_event.is_set() else "completed"
                )
                yield "data: [DONE]\n\n"

            except asyncio.CancelledError:
                cancel_event.set()
                backend.reset_generation_state()
                api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                raise
            except Exception as e:
                backend.reset_generation_state()
                logger.error(f"Error during OpenAI streaming: {e}", exc_info = True)
                _msg = _friendly_error(e)
                api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _msg)
                error_chunk = {
                    "error": {
                        "message": _msg,
                        "type": "server_error",
                    },
                }
                yield f"data: {json.dumps(error_chunk)}\n\n"
            finally:
                await _stop_local_disconnect_cancel_watcher(disconnect_watcher)
                _tracker.__exit__(None, None, None)

        return _SameTaskStreamingResponse(
            stream_chunks(),
            media_type = "text/event-stream",
            headers = {
                "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
                "Connection": "close",
                "X-Accel-Buffering": "no",
            },
        )

    # ── Non-streaming response ────────────────────────────────────
    else:
        try:
            full_text = ""
            for token in generate():
                full_text = token

            response = ChatCompletion(
                id = completion_id,
                created = created,
                model = model_name,
                choices = [
                    CompletionChoice(
                        message = CompletionMessage(content = full_text),
                        finish_reason = "stop",
                    )
                ],
            )
            api_monitor.set_reply(monitor_id, full_text)
            _stats = stats_holder.get("stats")
            if _stats:
                _monitor_usage(monitor_id, _stats.get("usage"))
            api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)
            return _model_json_response(response)

        except Exception as e:
            backend.reset_generation_state()
            logger.error(f"Error during OpenAI completion: {e}", exc_info = True)
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
            raise HTTPException(status_code = 500, detail = safe_error_detail(e))


# =====================================================================
# Sandbox file serving  (/sandbox/{session_id}/{filename})
# =====================================================================

_SANDBOX_MEDIA_TYPES = {
    ".png": "image/png",
    ".jpg": "image/jpeg",
    ".jpeg": "image/jpeg",
    ".gif": "image/gif",
    ".webp": "image/webp",
    ".bmp": "image/bmp",
}


@router.get("/sandbox/{session_id}/{filename}")
async def serve_sandbox_file(
    session_id: str,
    filename: str,
    request: Request,
    token: Optional[str] = None,
):
    """
    Serve image files created by Python tool execution.

    Accepts auth via Authorization header OR ?token= query param (needed
    because <img src> cannot send custom headers).
    """
    from fastapi.responses import FileResponse

    # ── Authentication (header or query param) ──────────────────
    await _authenticate_header_or_query(request, token)

    # ── Filename sanitization ───────────────────────────────────
    safe_filename = os.path.basename(filename)
    if not safe_filename or safe_filename in (".", ".."):
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 404, detail = "Not found")
    # Defense-in-depth allowlist (clears CodeQL py/path-injection), still allowing
    # names like "loss curve.png"; basename + extension + realpath below are the guards.
    if not _re.fullmatch(r"[^/\\\x00-\x1f]{1,255}", safe_filename):
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 404, detail = "Not found")

    # ── Extension allowlist ─────────────────────────────────────
    ext = os.path.splitext(safe_filename)[1].lower()
    media_type = _SANDBOX_MEDIA_TYPES.get(ext)
    if not media_type:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
            detail = "File type not allowed",
        )

    # ── Path containment check ──────────────────────────────────
    from core.inference.tools import get_sandbox_workdir

    sandbox_dir = os.path.realpath(get_sandbox_workdir(session_id))
    file_path = os.path.realpath(os.path.join(sandbox_dir, safe_filename))
    if file_path != sandbox_dir and not file_path.startswith(sandbox_dir + os.sep):
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN,
            detail = "Access denied",
        )

    if not os.path.isfile(file_path):
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 404, detail = "Not found")

    return FileResponse(
        path = file_path,
        media_type = media_type,
        headers = {
            "Cache-Control": "private, no-store",
            "X-Content-Type-Options": "nosniff",
        },
    )


# =====================================================================
# OpenAI-Compatible Models Listing  (/models → /v1/models)
# =====================================================================

# `owned_by` marker on every /v1/models entry (loaded and available alike).
_OWNED_BY = "unsloth-studio"


def _openai_model_objects() -> list[dict]:
    """The model objects GET /v1/models exposes (one per loaded local backend).

    Shared by the LIST and RETRIEVE handlers so both report the same ids and
    field shape.
    """
    models: list[dict] = []
    _created = int(time.time())

    # Check GGUF backend
    llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
    if llama_backend.is_loaded:
        entry = {
            # Public id, never the absolute .gguf path (which leaks the host
            # filesystem layout); see core.inference.model_ids.public_model_id.
            "id": public_model_id(llama_backend.model_identifier),
            "object": "model",
            "created": _created,
            "owned_by": _OWNED_BY,
        }
        _ctx = _positive_int_or_none(getattr(llama_backend, "context_length", None))
        if _ctx is not None:
            entry["context_length"] = _ctx
        _max_ctx = _positive_int_or_none(getattr(llama_backend, "max_context_length", None))
        if _max_ctx is not None:
            entry["max_context_length"] = _max_ctx
        _native_ctx = _positive_int_or_none(getattr(llama_backend, "native_context_length", None))
        if _native_ctx is not None:
            entry["native_context_length"] = _native_ctx
        models.append(entry)

    # Check Unsloth backend
    backend = get_inference_backend()
    if backend.active_model_name:
        model_info = backend.models.get(backend.active_model_name, {})
        entry = {
            "id": public_model_id(backend.active_model_name),
            "object": "model",
            "created": _created,
            "owned_by": _OWNED_BY,
        }
        _ctx = _positive_int_or_none(model_info.get("context_length"))
        if _ctx is None:
            for _candidate in (
                getattr(backend, "context_length", None),
                getattr(backend, "max_seq_length", None),
            ):
                _ctx = _positive_int_or_none(_candidate)
                if _ctx is not None:
                    break
        if _ctx is not None:
            entry["context_length"] = _ctx
        models.append(entry)

    return models


# Brief cache for the local-model filesystem scan so repeated /v1/models calls
# don't rescan the HF cache and models dirs on every request.
_CATALOG_CACHE: dict = {"at": 0.0, "models": []}
_CATALOG_TTL_S = 30.0
_CATALOG_LOCK = asyncio.Lock()


async def _cached_local_catalog() -> list:
    """Locally available models (models dir + HF caches + LM Studio + scan
    folders), cached for a few seconds. Returns a list of LocalModelInfo.

    The scan walks several directories and stats many files, so it runs in a
    worker thread (asyncio.to_thread) -- calling it inline would block the event
    loop and stall every concurrent request and in-flight inference stream. A
    lock with a double-check collapses a burst of simultaneous /v1/models calls
    into a single scan instead of one per request."""
    # Validity is keyed on "at" (set only after a scan), not on list contents, so
    # an empty/errored scan is still cached instead of rescanning on every poll.
    now = time.monotonic()
    if _CATALOG_CACHE["at"] and (now - _CATALOG_CACHE["at"]) <= _CATALOG_TTL_S:
        return _CATALOG_CACHE["models"]
    async with _CATALOG_LOCK:
        now = time.monotonic()
        if _CATALOG_CACHE["at"] and (now - _CATALOG_CACHE["at"]) <= _CATALOG_TTL_S:
            return _CATALOG_CACHE["models"]
        try:
            from routes.models import collect_local_models
            _CATALOG_CACHE["models"] = await asyncio.to_thread(
                collect_local_models, Path("./models").resolve()
            )
        except Exception as exc:
            logger.debug("model catalog scan failed: %s", exc)
            _CATALOG_CACHE["models"] = []
        # Stamp after the scan, not the pre-scan "now": a scan slower than the TTL
        # would otherwise leave the cache already expired, so every waiter rescans.
        _CATALOG_CACHE["at"] = time.monotonic()
    return _CATALOG_CACHE["models"]


async def _openai_catalog_objects() -> list[dict]:
    """Every model the server knows about for ``GET /v1/models``: the loaded
    model(s) plus locally available (downloaded/cached) models discovered by
    scanning. Loaded entries keep their context fields and are marked
    ``loaded: true``. All ids are clean public ids (never absolute paths)."""
    _created = int(time.time())
    # Loaded models first (clean ids + context fields), marked loaded.
    by_id: dict[str, dict] = {}
    for entry in _openai_model_objects():
        by_id[entry["id"]] = {**entry, "loaded": True}

    # Locally available (downloaded/cached) models that are not already loaded.
    for info in await _cached_local_catalog():
        cid = getattr(info, "model_id", None) or public_model_id(getattr(info, "id", None))
        if not cid or cid in by_id:
            continue
        obj = {
            "id": cid,
            "object": "model",
            "created": _created,
            "owned_by": _OWNED_BY,
            "loaded": False,
        }
        display = getattr(info, "display_name", None)
        if display:
            obj["display_name"] = display
        by_id[cid] = obj

    return list(by_id.values())


@router.get("/models")
async def openai_list_models(current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    """
    OpenAI-compatible model listing endpoint (``GET /v1/models``).

    Lists every model available on this server -- the loaded model(s) plus
    locally available (downloaded/cached) models -- not only what is resident in
    memory. Each entry carries a clean public id and a ``loaded`` flag.
    """
    return {"object": "list", "data": await _openai_catalog_objects()}


@router.get("/models/{model_id:path}")
async def openai_retrieve_model(model_id: str, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    """
    OpenAI-compatible single-model retrieval endpoint (``GET /v1/models/{id}``).

    Returns the bare model object when ``model_id`` matches a known model
    (loaded or locally available), or 404 model_not_found otherwise. Defined
    after the LIST route so it does not shadow it; ``{model_id:path}`` keeps ids
    with slashes intact.
    """
    from core.inference.model_ids import model_id_matches

    # Loaded models resolve without a catalog scan (the common case); only build
    # the full catalog -- which may hit the filesystem -- for unloaded ids.
    for entry in _openai_model_objects():
        if entry["id"] == model_id:
            return {**entry, "loaded": True}

    objects = await _openai_catalog_objects()
    for model in objects:
        if model["id"] == model_id:
            return model
    # Backward compatibility: a client may still send the legacy raw identifier
    # (e.g. an absolute .gguf path cached from an older /v1/models). Resolve it to
    # the clean object so it keeps working, without ever echoing the path back.
    llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
    backend = get_inference_backend()
    for raw in (
        llama_backend.model_identifier if llama_backend.is_loaded else None,
        backend.active_model_name or None,
    ):
        if raw and model_id_matches(model_id, raw):
            clean = public_model_id(raw)
            for model in objects:
                if model["id"] == clean:
                    return model
    raise HTTPException(
        status_code = 404,
        detail = openai_error_body(
            f"The model '{model_id}' does not exist",
            status = 404,
            code = "model_not_found",
            param = "id",
        ),
    )


# =====================================================================
# OpenAI-Compatible Completions Proxy  (/completions → /v1/completions)
# =====================================================================


def _flatten_monitor_prompt(value) -> str:
    """Flatten an OpenAI prompt/input field (str or list) into the single
    string the api_monitor prompt preview expects."""
    if isinstance(value, list):
        return "\n".join(str(part) for part in value)
    return str(value)


@router.post("/completions")
async def openai_completions(request: Request, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    """
    OpenAI-compatible text completions endpoint (non-chat).

    Proxies to the running llama-server's ``/v1/completions``. Only available
    when a GGUF model is loaded.
    """
    llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
    if not llama_backend.is_loaded:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 503,
            detail = "No GGUF model loaded. Load a GGUF model first.",
        )

    body = await request.json()
    if body.get("max_tokens") is None:
        body["max_tokens"] = llama_backend.context_length or _DEFAULT_MAX_TOKENS_FLOOR
    target_url = f"{llama_backend.base_url}/v1/completions"
    is_stream = body.get("stream", False)
    prompt_text = _flatten_monitor_prompt(body.get("prompt", ""))
    monitor_id = api_monitor.start(
        endpoint = request.url.path,
        method = request.method,
        model = str(body.get("model") or llama_backend.model_identifier or "default"),
        prompt = prompt_text,
        context_length = llama_backend.context_length,
        subject = current_subject,
    )

    if is_stream:

        async def _stream():
            # Manual httpx client/response lifecycle AND explicit iterator
            # close — see _anthropic_passthrough_stream for the full rationale.
            # Saving the iterator and closing it in the finally block avoids the
            # Python 3.13 + httpcore 1.0.x "Exception ignored in:
            # <async_generator>" / anyio cancel-scope trace.
            #
            # Buffer the relay into whole SSE events (split on the blank-line
            # separator) so _cmpl_stream_event_out can rewrite the cmpl- id and
            # honor stream_options.include_usage per event, while keeping SSE
            # framing and token bytes intact.
            _include_usage = bool((body.get("stream_options") or {}).get("include_usage"))
            client = httpx.AsyncClient(
                timeout = _llama_streaming_generation_timeout(),
                trust_env = False,
            )
            resp = None
            bytes_iter = None
            disconnect_event = threading.Event()
            disconnect_watcher = None
            try:
                req = client.build_request(
                    "POST", target_url, json = body, headers = {"Connection": "close"}
                )
                first_token_deadline = time.monotonic() + _DEFAULT_FIRST_TOKEN_TIMEOUT_S
                resp = await _send_stream_with_preheader_cancel(client, req, request = request)
                if resp is None:
                    api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                    return
                if resp.status_code != 200:
                    err_bytes = await resp.aread()
                    err_text = err_bytes.decode("utf-8", errors = "replace")
                    api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, err_text[:500])
                    raise RuntimeError(f"llama-server returned {resp.status_code}: {err_text}")
                disconnect_watcher = asyncio.create_task(
                    _await_disconnect_then_close(request, resp, disconnect_event)
                )
                bytes_iter = resp.aiter_bytes()
                buffer = b""
                async for chunk in _aiter_llama_stream_items(
                    bytes_iter,
                    cancel_event = disconnect_event,
                    request = request,
                    first_token_deadline = first_token_deadline,
                    response = resp,
                ):
                    buffer += chunk
                    while b"\n\n" in buffer:
                        event, buffer = buffer.split(b"\n\n", 1)
                        _monitor_openai_sse_event(
                            monitor_id,
                            event,
                            llama_backend.context_length,
                        )
                        out = _cmpl_stream_event_out(event, _include_usage)
                        if out is not None:
                            yield out + b"\n\n"
                if not disconnect_event.is_set() and buffer:
                    _monitor_openai_sse_event(
                        monitor_id,
                        buffer,
                        llama_backend.context_length,
                    )
                    out = _cmpl_stream_event_out(buffer, _include_usage)
                    if out is not None:
                        # Re-add the SSE separator the split consumed, so a final
                        # event arriving without a trailing blank line is still
                        # terminated for the client's parser.
                        yield out + b"\n\n"
                if disconnect_event.is_set():
                    api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                    return
                api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)
            except (httpx.RemoteProtocolError, httpx.ReadError, httpx.CloseError) as e:
                if not disconnect_event.is_set():
                    logger.error("openai_completions stream error: %s", e)
                    api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
                    error_chunk = _openai_stream_error_chunk(e)
                    yield f"data: {json.dumps(error_chunk)}\n\n".encode("utf-8")
                    return
                api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                return
            except asyncio.CancelledError:
                disconnect_event.set()
                api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                raise
            except Exception as e:
                if disconnect_event.is_set():
                    api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                    return
                logger.error("openai_completions stream error: %s", e)
                api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
                error_chunk = _openai_stream_error_chunk(e)
                yield f"data: {json.dumps(error_chunk)}\n\n".encode("utf-8")
                return
            finally:
                await _aclose_stream_resources(
                    watchers = (disconnect_watcher,),
                    iterator = bytes_iter,
                    resp = resp,
                    client = client,
                )

        return _sse_streaming_response(_stream())
    else:
        try:
            resp = await nonstreaming_client().post(
                target_url,
                json = body,
                timeout = _llama_non_streaming_generation_timeout(),
            )
        except asyncio.CancelledError:
            api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
            raise
        except Exception as e:
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
            raise

        if resp.status_code != 200:
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, resp.text[:500])
            raise _openai_passthrough_error(resp.status_code, resp.text)
        try:
            _monitor_openai_chunk(monitor_id, resp.json(), llama_backend.context_length)
        except Exception:
            pass
        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)

        return Response(
            content = _rewrite_cmpl_id(resp.content),
            status_code = resp.status_code,
            media_type = "application/json",
        )


# =====================================================================
# OpenAI-Compatible Embeddings Proxy  (/embeddings → /v1/embeddings)
# =====================================================================


@router.post("/embeddings")
async def openai_embeddings(request: Request, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    """
    OpenAI-compatible embeddings endpoint.

    Proxies to the running llama-server's ``/v1/embeddings``. Only available
    when a GGUF model is loaded.
    Note: the loaded model must support pooling, else llama-server returns an
    error (expected).
    """
    llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
    if not llama_backend.is_loaded:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 503,
            detail = "No GGUF model loaded. Load a GGUF model first.",
        )

    body = await request.json()
    target_url = f"{llama_backend.base_url}/v1/embeddings"
    prompt_text = _flatten_monitor_prompt(body.get("input", ""))
    monitor_id = None
    if not getattr(request.state, "skip_api_monitor", False):
        monitor_id = api_monitor.start(
            endpoint = request.url.path,
            method = request.method,
            model = str(body.get("model") or llama_backend.model_identifier or "default"),
            prompt = prompt_text,
            context_length = llama_backend.context_length,
            subject = current_subject,
        )

    try:
        resp = await nonstreaming_client().post(
            target_url,
            json = body,
            timeout = _DEFAULT_FIRST_TOKEN_TIMEOUT_S,
        )
    except asyncio.CancelledError:
        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
        raise
    except Exception as exc:
        api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(exc))
        raise
    if resp.status_code != 200:
        api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, resp.text[:500])
    else:
        try:
            _monitor_usage(monitor_id, resp.json().get("usage"), _monitor_context_length())
        except Exception:
            pass
        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)
    return Response(
        content = resp.content,
        status_code = resp.status_code,
        media_type = "application/json",
    )


# =====================================================================
# OpenAI Responses API  (/responses → /v1/responses)
# =====================================================================


def _translate_responses_tools_to_chat(tools: Optional[list[dict]]) -> Optional[list[dict]]:
    """Translate Responses-shape function tools to the Chat Completions nested shape.

    Responses uses a flat shape per tool entry::

        {"type": "function", "name": "...", "description": "...",
         "parameters": {...}, "strict": true}

    The Chat Completions / llama-server passthrough expects the nested shape::

        {"type": "function",
         "function": {"name": "...", "description": "...",
                      "parameters": {...}, "strict": true}}

    Only ``type=="function"`` entries are forwarded. Built-in Responses tools
    (``web_search``, ``file_search``, ``mcp``, ...) are dropped: llama-server
    doesn't implement them server-side, so keeping them would produce an opaque
    upstream 400.
    """
    if not tools:
        return None
    out: list[dict] = []
    for tool in tools:
        if not isinstance(tool, dict):
            continue
        if tool.get("type") != "function":
            continue
        fn: dict = {}
        if "name" in tool:
            fn["name"] = tool["name"]
        if tool.get("description") is not None:
            fn["description"] = tool["description"]
        if tool.get("parameters") is not None:
            fn["parameters"] = tool["parameters"]
        if tool.get("strict") is not None:
            fn["strict"] = tool["strict"]
        out.append({"type": "function", "function": fn})
    return out or None


def _translate_responses_tool_choice_to_chat(tool_choice: Any) -> Any:
    """Translate a Responses-shape ``tool_choice`` to the Chat Completions shape.

    String values (``"auto"``/``"none"``/``"required"``) pass through unchanged.
    The Responses forcing object ``{"type": "function", "name": "X"}`` becomes
    Chat Completions' ``{"type": "function", "function": {"name": "X"}}``.
    Unknown / built-in tool choices are forwarded as-is; llama-server ignores
    what it doesn't recognise.
    """
    if tool_choice is None:
        return None
    if isinstance(tool_choice, str):
        return tool_choice
    if (
        isinstance(tool_choice, dict)
        and tool_choice.get("type") == "function"
        and "name" in tool_choice
        and "function" not in tool_choice
    ):
        return {"type": "function", "function": {"name": tool_choice["name"]}}
    return tool_choice


def _responses_message_text(content: Union[str, list]) -> str:
    """Flatten a ResponsesInputMessage ``content`` into a plain text string.

    Used for system/developer message hoisting and for assistant-replay
    (``output_text``) messages when images/unknown parts are irrelevant.
    Returns an empty string for empty input.
    """
    if isinstance(content, str):
        return content
    parts: list[str] = []
    for part in content or []:
        if isinstance(part, (ResponsesInputTextPart, ResponsesOutputTextPart)):
            parts.append(part.text)
    return "\n".join(parts)


def _responses_tool_output_content(output: Union[str, list]) -> Union[str, list]:
    """Return Chat Completions-safe content for a Responses tool result."""
    if isinstance(output, str):
        return output if output.strip() else "(no output)"

    if not output:
        return "(no output)"

    text_parts: list[str] = []
    chat_parts: list = []
    has_multimodal = False
    for part in output:
        if not isinstance(part, dict):
            return json.dumps(output)
        part_type = part.get("type")
        if part_type in ("input_text", "output_text", "text"):
            text = part.get("text")
            if text is None:
                _raise_unsupported_openai_parameter(
                    "input",
                    "Responses function_call_output.output text parts require a text field.",
                )
            text = str(text)
            text_parts.append(text)
            chat_parts.append(TextContentPart(type = "text", text = text))
            continue
        if part_type == "input_image":
            image_url = part.get("image_url")
            if not isinstance(image_url, str) or not image_url:
                if part.get("file_id"):
                    _raise_unsupported_openai_parameter(
                        "input",
                        "Responses function_call_output.output input_image parts with file_id are not supported by the local adapter. Use image_url instead.",
                    )
                _raise_unsupported_openai_parameter(
                    "input",
                    "Responses function_call_output.output input_image parts require an image_url string.",
                )
            detail = part.get("detail", "auto")
            if detail is None:
                detail = "auto"
            if detail not in ("auto", "low", "high", "original"):
                _raise_unsupported_openai_parameter(
                    "input",
                    "Responses function_call_output.output input_image detail must be auto, low, high, or original.",
                )
            chat_parts.append(
                ImageContentPart(
                    type = "image_url",
                    image_url = ImageUrl(url = image_url, detail = detail),
                )
            )
            has_multimodal = True
            continue
        if part_type == "input_file":
            _raise_unsupported_openai_parameter(
                "input",
                "Responses function_call_output.output input_file parts are not supported by the local adapter.",
            )
        return json.dumps(output)

    if has_multimodal:
        return chat_parts

    text = "\n".join(text_parts)
    return text if text.strip() else "(no output)"


_RESPONSES_THINK_OPEN = "<think>"
_RESPONSES_THINK_CLOSE = "</think>"
_RESPONSES_REASONING_EFFORTS = {"none", "minimal", "low", "medium", "high", "max", "xhigh"}


def _coerce_responses_reasoning_text(value: Any) -> str:
    if value is None:
        return ""
    if isinstance(value, str):
        return value
    if isinstance(value, list):
        return "".join(_coerce_responses_reasoning_text(part) for part in value)
    if isinstance(value, dict):
        for key in ("text", "reasoning_text", "content"):
            text = _coerce_responses_reasoning_text(value.get(key))
            if text:
                return text
        return ""
    return json.dumps(value)


def _responses_marker_holdback(text: str, markers: tuple[str, ...]) -> int:
    """Number of trailing chars to retain because they may start a marker."""
    for size in range(min(len(text), max(len(m) for m in markers) - 1), 0, -1):
        suffix = text[-size:]
        if any(marker.startswith(suffix) for marker in markers):
            return size
    return 0


class _ResponsesReasoningExtractor:
    """Split local <think> markup into Responses reasoning and visible text."""

    def __init__(self, *, parse_think_markers: bool = False) -> None:
        self._buffer = ""
        self._in_reasoning = False
        self._parse_think_markers = parse_think_markers

    def feed(
        self,
        text: str = "",
        reasoning_content: Any = None,
    ) -> tuple[str, str]:
        reasoning_parts: list[str] = []
        visible_parts: list[str] = []
        structured_reasoning = _coerce_responses_reasoning_text(reasoning_content)
        if structured_reasoning:
            reasoning_parts.append(structured_reasoning)
        if text:
            self._buffer += text
        if not self._parse_think_markers:
            visible_parts.append(self._buffer)
            self._buffer = ""
            return "".join(reasoning_parts), "".join(visible_parts)

        while self._buffer:
            if self._in_reasoning:
                close_idx = self._buffer.find(_RESPONSES_THINK_CLOSE)
                if close_idx != -1:
                    reasoning_parts.append(self._buffer[:close_idx])
                    self._buffer = self._buffer[close_idx + len(_RESPONSES_THINK_CLOSE) :]
                    self._in_reasoning = False
                    continue
                keep = _responses_marker_holdback(self._buffer, (_RESPONSES_THINK_CLOSE,))
                if keep == len(self._buffer):
                    break
                reasoning_parts.append(self._buffer[:-keep] if keep else self._buffer)
                self._buffer = self._buffer[-keep:] if keep else ""
                break

            open_idx = self._buffer.find(_RESPONSES_THINK_OPEN)
            close_idx = self._buffer.find(_RESPONSES_THINK_CLOSE)
            if close_idx != -1 and (open_idx == -1 or close_idx < open_idx):
                visible_parts.append(self._buffer[:close_idx])
                self._buffer = self._buffer[close_idx + len(_RESPONSES_THINK_CLOSE) :]
                continue
            if open_idx != -1:
                visible_parts.append(self._buffer[:open_idx])
                self._buffer = self._buffer[open_idx + len(_RESPONSES_THINK_OPEN) :]
                self._in_reasoning = True
                continue

            keep = _responses_marker_holdback(
                self._buffer,
                (_RESPONSES_THINK_OPEN, _RESPONSES_THINK_CLOSE),
            )
            if keep == len(self._buffer):
                break
            visible_parts.append(self._buffer[:-keep] if keep else self._buffer)
            self._buffer = self._buffer[-keep:] if keep else ""
            break

        return "".join(reasoning_parts), "".join(visible_parts)

    def finish(self) -> tuple[str, str]:
        if not self._buffer:
            return "", ""
        remaining = self._buffer
        self._buffer = ""
        if not self._parse_think_markers:
            return "", remaining
        if self._in_reasoning:
            self._in_reasoning = False
            return remaining, ""
        return "", remaining.replace(_RESPONSES_THINK_CLOSE, "")


def _extract_responses_reasoning(
    text: str = "",
    reasoning_content: Any = None,
    *,
    parse_think_markers: bool = False,
) -> tuple[str, str]:
    extractor = _ResponsesReasoningExtractor(parse_think_markers = parse_think_markers)
    reasoning, visible = extractor.feed(text, reasoning_content)
    final_reasoning, final_visible = extractor.finish()
    return reasoning + final_reasoning, visible + final_visible


def _responses_should_parse_think_markers(
    chat_req: ChatCompletionRequest, llama_backend: Any = None
) -> bool:
    if llama_backend is not None and getattr(llama_backend, "is_loaded", False):
        if getattr(llama_backend, "reasoning_always_on", False):
            return True
        if getattr(llama_backend, "supports_reasoning", False):
            return True
        return False
    if chat_req.enable_thinking is True:
        return True
    return chat_req.enable_thinking is None and chat_req.reasoning_effort not in (None, "none")


def _responses_reasoning_output_item(reasoning_text: str, item_id: Optional[str] = None) -> dict:
    kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {
        "status": "completed",
        "summary": [],
        "content": [ResponsesOutputReasoningContent(text = reasoning_text)],
    }
    if item_id is not None:
        kwargs["id"] = item_id
    return ResponsesOutputReasoning(**kwargs).model_dump()


def _normalise_responses_input(payload: ResponsesRequest) -> list[ChatMessage]:
    """Convert a ResponsesRequest's ``input`` into a Chat-format ``ChatMessage`` list.

    Handles the three input item shapes allowed by the Responses API:

    - ``ResponsesInputMessage`` -- regular chat messages (text or multimodal).
    - ``ResponsesFunctionCallInputItem`` -- a prior assistant tool call
      replayed on a follow-up turn. Becomes an assistant message carrying a
      Chat Completions ``tool_calls`` entry keyed by ``call_id``.
    - ``ResponsesFunctionCallOutputInputItem`` -- a tool result the client is
      returning. Becomes a ``role="tool"`` message with ``tool_call_id`` set to
      the originating ``call_id`` so llama-server can reconcile call with result.

    System / developer content is collected from ``instructions`` *and* any
    ``role="system"`` / ``role="developer"`` entries in ``input``, then merged
    into a single top-of-list ``role="system"`` message. This satisfies strict
    chat templates (harmony / gpt-oss, Qwen3, ...) whose Jinja raises
    ``"System message must be at the beginning."`` when more than one system
    message is present or a system message follows a user turn -- the exact
    pattern the OpenAI Codex CLI hits, since Codex sets ``instructions`` *and*
    also sends a developer message in ``input``.
    """
    system_parts: list[str] = []
    messages: list[ChatMessage] = []

    if payload.instructions:
        system_parts.append(payload.instructions)

    def _with_system(msgs: list[ChatMessage]) -> list[ChatMessage]:
        if not system_parts:
            return msgs
        merged = "\n\n".join(p for p in system_parts if p)
        return [ChatMessage(role = "system", content = merged), *msgs]

    # Simple string input
    if isinstance(payload.input, str):
        if payload.input:
            messages.append(ChatMessage(role = "user", content = payload.input))
        return _with_system(messages)

    for item in payload.input:
        if isinstance(item, ResponsesFunctionCallInputItem):
            messages.append(
                ChatMessage(
                    role = "assistant",
                    content = None,
                    tool_calls = [
                        {
                            "id": item.call_id,
                            "type": "function",
                            "function": {
                                "name": item.name,
                                "arguments": item.arguments,
                            },
                        }
                    ],
                )
            )
            continue

        if isinstance(item, ResponsesFunctionCallOutputInputItem):
            # Flatten pure text arrays for broad template compatibility, and
            # forward image URL outputs as real multimodal parts for vision models.
            output = _responses_tool_output_content(item.output)
            messages.append(
                ChatMessage(
                    role = "tool",
                    tool_call_id = item.call_id,
                    content = output,
                )
            )
            continue

        if isinstance(item, ResponsesUnknownInputItem):
            # Reasoning items and other unmodelled top-level Responses item
            # types are silently dropped -- llama-server-backed GGUFs can't
            # consume them; lenient validation lets them in so unrelated turns
            # don't 422.
            continue

        # ResponsesInputMessage -- hoist system/developer to the top, merge.
        if item.role in ("system", "developer"):
            hoisted = _responses_message_text(item.content)
            if hoisted:
                system_parts.append(hoisted)
            continue

        if isinstance(item.content, str):
            messages.append(ChatMessage(role = item.role, content = item.content))
            continue

        # Assistant-replay turns come back as content = [output_text, ...].
        # Chat Completions' assistant role expects a plain string, not a
        # multimodal array, so flatten output_text (and any stray input_text /
        # unknown text) to a single string.
        if item.role == "assistant":
            text = _responses_message_text(item.content)
            if text:
                messages.append(ChatMessage(role = "assistant", content = text))
            continue

        # User (and any other remaining roles) -- keep multimodal when present,
        # drop unknown content parts silently.
        parts: list = []
        for part in item.content:
            if isinstance(part, (ResponsesInputTextPart, ResponsesOutputTextPart)):
                parts.append(TextContentPart(type = "text", text = part.text))
            elif isinstance(part, ResponsesInputImagePart):
                parts.append(
                    ImageContentPart(
                        type = "image_url",
                        image_url = ImageUrl(url = part.image_url, detail = part.detail),
                    )
                )
            # ResponsesUnknownContentPart and anything else: drop.
        if parts:
            # Collapse single-text-part content to a plain string so roles that
            # reject multimodal arrays (e.g. legacy templates) still accept it.
            if len(parts) == 1 and isinstance(parts[0], TextContentPart):
                messages.append(ChatMessage(role = item.role, content = parts[0].text))
            else:
                messages.append(ChatMessage(role = item.role, content = parts))

    return _with_system(messages)


def _build_chat_request(
    payload: ResponsesRequest, messages: list[ChatMessage], stream: bool
) -> ChatCompletionRequest:
    """Build a ChatCompletionRequest from a ResponsesRequest.

    Tools and ``tool_choice`` are translated from the flat Responses shape to
    the nested Chat Completions shape here so the existing #5099
    ``/v1/chat/completions`` client-side pass-through picks them up unchanged.
    """
    chat_kwargs: dict = dict(
        model = payload.model,
        messages = messages,
        stream = stream,
    )
    if payload.temperature is not None:
        chat_kwargs["temperature"] = payload.temperature
    if payload.top_p is not None:
        chat_kwargs["top_p"] = payload.top_p
    if payload.max_output_tokens is not None:
        chat_kwargs["max_tokens"] = payload.max_output_tokens

    chat_tools = _translate_responses_tools_to_chat(payload.tools)
    if chat_tools is not None:
        chat_kwargs["tools"] = chat_tools

    chat_tool_choice = _translate_responses_tool_choice_to_chat(payload.tool_choice)
    if chat_tool_choice is not None:
        chat_kwargs["tool_choice"] = chat_tool_choice
    if payload.parallel_tool_calls is not None:
        chat_kwargs["parallel_tool_calls"] = payload.parallel_tool_calls

    # ``chat_template_kwargs`` (e.g. ``{"enable_thinking": true}``) arrives via
    # the Responses extra-body: ResponsesRequest has ``extra="allow"``, so the
    # OpenAI SDK's ``extra_body`` spread lands the dict in ``model_extra``. The
    # downstream Chat Completions paths consume the typed ``enable_thinking``
    # field -- the non-streaming path lifts it in ``openai_chat_completions``
    # only when it is still ``None``, and the streaming pass-through reads
    # ``payload.enable_thinking`` directly -- so lift it here, mirroring that
    # handler, to cover both Responses paths.
    explicit_enable_thinking = False
    _extra = getattr(payload, "model_extra", None)
    if isinstance(_extra, dict):
        _tpl_kw = _extra.get("chat_template_kwargs")
        if isinstance(_tpl_kw, dict) and "enable_thinking" in _tpl_kw:
            chat_kwargs["enable_thinking"] = bool(_tpl_kw["enable_thinking"])
            explicit_enable_thinking = True

    if isinstance(payload.reasoning, dict):
        effort = payload.reasoning.get("effort")
        if isinstance(effort, str) and effort in _RESPONSES_REASONING_EFFORTS:
            if not explicit_enable_thinking:
                chat_kwargs["reasoning_effort"] = effort
                chat_kwargs["enable_thinking"] = effort != "none"
            elif chat_kwargs.get("enable_thinking") is False:
                chat_kwargs["reasoning_effort"] = "none"
            elif effort != "none":
                chat_kwargs["reasoning_effort"] = effort

    return ChatCompletionRequest(**chat_kwargs)


def _chat_tool_calls_to_responses_output(tool_calls: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
    """Map Chat Completions ``tool_calls`` into Responses ``function_call`` output items.

    The Chat Completions id (``call_xxx``) is the shared correlation key across
    turns in the Responses API -- stored as ``call_id`` on the output item and
    echoed back by the client as ``function_call_output.call_id`` next turn.
    """
    items: list[dict] = []
    for tc in tool_calls:
        if tc.get("type") != "function":
            continue
        fn = tc.get("function") or {}
        items.append(
            ResponsesOutputFunctionCall(
                call_id = tc.get("id", ""),
                name = fn.get("name", ""),
                arguments = fn.get("arguments", "") or "",
                status = "completed",
            ).model_dump()
        )
    return items


async def _responses_non_streaming(
    payload: ResponsesRequest,
    messages: list[ChatMessage],
    request: Request,
    current_subject: Optional[str] = None,
) -> JSONResponse:
    """Handle a non-streaming Responses API call."""
    chat_req = _build_chat_request(payload, messages, stream = False)
    request_state = getattr(request, "state", None)
    if request_state is None:
        request_state = type("_RequestState", (), {})()
        try:
            setattr(request, "state", request_state)
        except Exception:
            request_state = None
    previous_skip_monitor = (
        bool(getattr(request_state, "skip_api_monitor", False))
        if request_state is not None
        else False
    )
    monitor_id = None
    if not previous_skip_monitor:
        monitor_id = api_monitor.start(
            endpoint = getattr(getattr(request, "url", None), "path", "/v1/responses"),
            method = getattr(request, "method", "POST"),
            model = payload.model,
            prompt = _monitor_prompt_from_messages(messages),
            context_length = _monitor_context_length(),
            subject = current_subject,
        )
    if request_state is not None:
        request_state.skip_api_monitor = True

    try:
        result = await openai_chat_completions(chat_req, request)

        # openai_chat_completions returns a JSONResponse for non-streaming.
        if isinstance(result, Response):
            body = json.loads(result.body.decode())
        else:
            body = result

        choices = body.get("choices", [])
        text = ""
        reasoning_text = ""
        tool_calls: list[dict] = []
        if choices:
            msg = choices[0].get("message", {}) or {}
            raw_content = msg.get("content", "") or ""
            raw_text = raw_content if isinstance(raw_content, str) else json.dumps(raw_content)
            llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
            reasoning_text, text = _extract_responses_reasoning(
                raw_text,
                msg.get("reasoning_content"),
                parse_think_markers = _responses_should_parse_think_markers(chat_req, llama_backend),
            )
            tool_calls = msg.get("tool_calls") or []

        usage_data = body.get("usage", {})
        input_tokens = usage_data.get("prompt_tokens", 0)
        output_tokens = usage_data.get("completion_tokens", 0)

        resp_id = f"resp_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"

        # Responses API emits each tool call as its own top-level output item,
        # plus an optional assistant text message. Emit the text message only when
        # the model produced content, so clients expecting a pure tool-call turn
        # (finish_reason="tool_calls") don't see a spurious empty message item.
        output_items: list[dict] = []
        if reasoning_text:
            output_items.append(_responses_reasoning_output_item(reasoning_text))
        if text:
            msg_id = f"msg_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
            output_items.append(
                ResponsesOutputMessage(
                    id = msg_id,
                    status = "completed",
                    role = "assistant",
                    content = [ResponsesOutputTextContent(text = text)],
                ).model_dump()
            )
        output_items.extend(_chat_tool_calls_to_responses_output(tool_calls))

        response = ResponsesResponse(
            id = resp_id,
            created_at = int(time.time()),
            status = "completed",
            model = body.get("model", payload.model),
            output = output_items,
            usage = ResponsesUsage(
                input_tokens = input_tokens,
                output_tokens = output_tokens,
                total_tokens = input_tokens + output_tokens,
            ),
            temperature = payload.temperature,
            top_p = payload.top_p,
            max_output_tokens = payload.max_output_tokens,
            instructions = payload.instructions,
        )
        api_monitor.set_reply(monitor_id, text or _monitor_tool_calls_text(tool_calls))
        _monitor_usage(monitor_id, usage_data, _monitor_context_length())
        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)
        return _model_json_response(response)
    except asyncio.CancelledError:
        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
        raise
    except Exception as exc:
        api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(exc))
        raise
    finally:
        if request_state is not None:
            request_state.skip_api_monitor = previous_skip_monitor


async def _responses_stream(
    payload: ResponsesRequest,
    messages: list[ChatMessage],
    request: Request,
    monitor_id: Optional[str] = None,
):
    """Handle a streaming Responses API call, emitting named SSE events.

    For GGUF models the request goes directly to llama-server's
    ``/v1/chat/completions`` from inside the StreamingResponse child task -- one
    httpx lifecycle, one async generator. Wrapping the existing
    ``openai_chat_completions`` pass-through (which has its own httpx lifecycle)
    stacks two generators: Python 3.13 + httpcore 1.0.x then loses the
    close-propagation chain on the innermost ``HTTP11ConnectionByteStream`` at
    asyncgen finalisation, tripping "Attempted to exit cancel scope in a
    different task" / "async generator ignored GeneratorExit". The direct path
    avoids that. Non-GGUF falls back to the wrapper (which doesn't use httpx, so
    the issue doesn't apply).

    Output items are allocated as upstream deltas appear. Reasoning/text deltas
    open top-level ``reasoning`` / ``message`` items; each tool call from
    ``delta.tool_calls[]`` is promoted to its own top-level ``function_call``
    item (one per distinct ``tool_calls[].index``) and relayed as
    ``response.function_call_arguments.delta`` / ``.done`` events so clients
    (Codex, OpenAI Python SDK) can reconstruct the call incrementally and reply
    with a ``function_call_output`` item next turn.
    """
    resp_id = f"resp_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
    created_at = int(time.time())

    chat_req = _build_chat_request(payload, messages, stream = True)

    llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
    if not llama_backend.is_loaded:
        # The direct pass-through is GGUF-only. Non-GGUF /v1/responses streaming
        # isn't a Codex-compatible path today, and wrapping the transformers
        # backend's streaming generator here would re-introduce the
        # double-layer asyncgen close pattern that produces "Attempted to exit
        # cancel scope in a different task" on Python 3.13. Surface a typed 400
        # so the client sees a useful error instead of a dangling stream.
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = (
                "Streaming /v1/responses requires a GGUF model loaded via "
                "llama-server. Use non-streaming /v1/responses, "
                "/v1/chat/completions, or load a GGUF model."
            ),
        )

    # Direct pass-through bypasses the openai_chat_completions image gate.
    if not llama_backend.is_vision and any(
        isinstance(m.content, list) and any(isinstance(p, ImageContentPart) for p in m.content)
        for m in messages
    ):
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = "Image provided but current GGUF model does not support vision.",
        )

    body = _build_openai_passthrough_body(
        chat_req, backend_ctx = llama_backend.context_length, llama_backend = llama_backend
    )
    body["stream_options"] = {"include_usage": True}
    target_url = f"{llama_backend.base_url}/v1/chat/completions"

    async def event_generator():
        # Clean public id for every response envelope. Prefer the loaded model's
        # id so the stream agrees with /v1/models, chat/completions and the
        # non-streaming twin; fall back to a sanitized payload.model (a legacy
        # raw .gguf path is stripped, never echoed back).
        _clean_model = (
            public_model_id(getattr(llama_backend, "model_identifier", None))
            or public_model_id(payload.model)
            or payload.model
        )
        full_text = ""
        full_reasoning = ""
        input_tokens = 0
        output_tokens = 0
        extractor = _ResponsesReasoningExtractor(
            parse_think_markers = _responses_should_parse_think_markers(chat_req, llama_backend)
        )
        reasoning_state: dict[str, Any] = {"output_index": None, "item_id": None, "opened": False}
        message_state: dict[str, Any] = {"output_index": None, "item_id": None, "opened": False}
        # Per-tool-call state keyed by Chat Completions `tool_calls[].index`,
        # stable across chunks for the same call. Values:
        #   {output_index, item_id, call_id, name, arguments, opened}
        tool_call_state: dict[int, dict] = {}
        next_output_index = 0

        def _sse(event_name: str, payload: dict) -> str:
            return f"event: {event_name}\ndata: {json.dumps(payload)}\n\n"

        def _claim_output_index() -> int:
            nonlocal next_output_index
            output_index = next_output_index
            next_output_index += 1
            return output_index

        def _apply_usage(u) -> None:
            nonlocal input_tokens, output_tokens
            if not u:
                return
            input_tokens = u.get("prompt_tokens", input_tokens)
            output_tokens = u.get("completion_tokens", output_tokens)
            _monitor_usage(monitor_id, u, llama_backend.context_length)

        def _ensure_reasoning_open() -> list[str]:
            if reasoning_state["opened"]:
                return []
            reasoning_state["output_index"] = _claim_output_index()
            reasoning_state["item_id"] = f"rs_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
            reasoning_state["opened"] = True
            output_index = reasoning_state["output_index"]
            item_id = reasoning_state["item_id"]
            return [
                _sse(
                    "response.output_item.added",
                    {
                        "type": "response.output_item.added",
                        "output_index": output_index,
                        "item": {
                            "type": "reasoning",
                            "id": item_id,
                            "status": "in_progress",
                            "summary": [],
                            "content": [],
                        },
                    },
                ),
                _sse(
                    "response.content_part.added",
                    {
                        "type": "response.content_part.added",
                        "item_id": item_id,
                        "output_index": output_index,
                        "content_index": 0,
                        "part": {"type": "reasoning_text", "text": ""},
                    },
                ),
            ]

        def _ensure_message_open() -> list[str]:
            if message_state["opened"]:
                return []
            message_state["output_index"] = _claim_output_index()
            message_state["item_id"] = f"msg_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
            message_state["opened"] = True
            output_index = message_state["output_index"]
            item_id = message_state["item_id"]
            return [
                _sse(
                    "response.output_item.added",
                    {
                        "type": "response.output_item.added",
                        "output_index": output_index,
                        "item": {
                            "type": "message",
                            "id": item_id,
                            "status": "in_progress",
                            "role": "assistant",
                            "content": [],
                        },
                    },
                ),
                _sse(
                    "response.content_part.added",
                    {
                        "type": "response.content_part.added",
                        "item_id": item_id,
                        "output_index": output_index,
                        "content_index": 0,
                        "part": {"type": "output_text", "text": "", "annotations": []},
                    },
                ),
            ]

        def _snapshot_output() -> list[dict]:
            """Snapshot of all completed output items for response.completed."""
            indexed_items: list[tuple[int, dict]] = []
            if reasoning_state["opened"]:
                indexed_items.append(
                    (
                        reasoning_state["output_index"],
                        {
                            "type": "reasoning",
                            "id": reasoning_state["item_id"],
                            "status": "completed",
                            "summary": [],
                            "content": [{"type": "reasoning_text", "text": full_reasoning}],
                        },
                    )
                )
            if message_state["opened"]:
                indexed_items.append(
                    (
                        message_state["output_index"],
                        {
                            "type": "message",
                            "id": message_state["item_id"],
                            "status": "completed",
                            "role": "assistant",
                            "content": [
                                {
                                    "type": "output_text",
                                    "text": full_text,
                                    "annotations": [],
                                }
                            ],
                        },
                    )
                )
            for st in tool_call_state.values():
                indexed_items.append(
                    (
                        st["output_index"],
                        {
                            "type": "function_call",
                            "id": st["item_id"],
                            "status": "completed",
                            "call_id": st["call_id"],
                            "name": st["name"],
                            "arguments": st["arguments"],
                        },
                    )
                )
            return [item for _, item in sorted(indexed_items, key = lambda pair: pair[0])]

        def _failed_response_payload(exc: Exception, status_code: int) -> dict:
            return {
                "type": "response.failed",
                "response": {
                    "id": resp_id,
                    "object": "response",
                    "created_at": created_at,
                    "status": "failed",
                    "model": _clean_model,
                    "output": _snapshot_output(),
                    "usage": {
                        "input_tokens": input_tokens,
                        "output_tokens": output_tokens,
                        "total_tokens": input_tokens + output_tokens,
                    },
                    "error": {
                        "code": status_code,
                        "message": _friendly_error(exc),
                    },
                },
            }

        # ── Preamble events ──
        yield _sse(
            "response.created",
            {
                "type": "response.created",
                "response": {
                    "id": resp_id,
                    "object": "response",
                    "created_at": created_at,
                    "status": "in_progress",
                    "model": _clean_model,
                    "output": [],
                    "usage": {"input_tokens": 0, "output_tokens": 0, "total_tokens": 0},
                },
            },
        )

        # ── Direct httpx lifecycle to llama-server ──
        # Full same-task open + close, same pattern as
        # _openai_passthrough_stream and _anthropic_passthrough_stream: no
        # `async with`, explicit aclose of lines_iter BEFORE resp / client so
        # the innermost httpcore byte stream is finalised in this task (not via
        # the asyncgen GC in a sibling task).
        client = httpx.AsyncClient(
            timeout = _llama_streaming_generation_timeout(),
            trust_env = False,
        )
        resp = None
        lines_iter = None
        disconnect_watcher = None
        disconnect_event = threading.Event()
        try:
            req = client.build_request(
                "POST", target_url, json = body, headers = {"Connection": "close"}
            )
            first_token_deadline = time.monotonic() + _DEFAULT_FIRST_TOKEN_TIMEOUT_S
            try:
                resp = await _send_stream_with_preheader_cancel(client, req, request = request)
                if resp is None:
                    api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                    return
            except httpx.RequestError as e:
                logger.error("responses stream: upstream unreachable: %s", e)
                api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
                yield _sse(
                    "response.failed",
                    {
                        "type": "response.failed",
                        "response": {
                            "id": resp_id,
                            "object": "response",
                            "created_at": created_at,
                            "status": "failed",
                            "model": _clean_model,
                            "output": [],
                            "error": {"code": 502, "message": _friendly_error(e)},
                        },
                    },
                )
                return

            if resp.status_code != 200:
                err_bytes = await resp.aread()
                err_text = err_bytes.decode("utf-8", errors = "replace")
                logger.error(
                    "responses stream upstream error: status=%s body=%s",
                    resp.status_code,
                    err_text[:500],
                )
                api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, err_text[:500])
                yield _sse(
                    "response.failed",
                    {
                        "type": "response.failed",
                        "response": {
                            "id": resp_id,
                            "object": "response",
                            "created_at": created_at,
                            "status": "failed",
                            "model": _clean_model,
                            "output": [],
                            "error": {
                                "code": resp.status_code,
                                "message": f"llama-server error: {err_text[:500]}",
                            },
                        },
                    },
                )
                return

            lines_iter = resp.aiter_lines()
            disconnect_watcher = asyncio.create_task(
                _await_disconnect_then_close(request, resp, disconnect_event)
            )
            async for raw_line in _aiter_llama_stream_items(
                lines_iter,
                cancel_event = disconnect_event,
                request = request,
                first_token_deadline = first_token_deadline,
                response = resp,
            ):
                if not raw_line:
                    continue
                if not raw_line.startswith("data: "):
                    continue
                data_str = raw_line[6:]
                if data_str.strip() == "[DONE]":
                    break
                try:
                    chunk_data = json.loads(data_str)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    continue
                if payload.parallel_tool_calls is False:
                    _drop_parallel_tool_call_deltas(chunk_data)

                choices = chunk_data.get("choices", [])
                if not choices:
                    _apply_usage(chunk_data.get("usage"))
                    continue

                delta = choices[0].get("delta", {}) or {}
                reasoning_delta, visible_delta = extractor.feed(
                    delta.get("content") or "",
                    delta.get("reasoning_content"),
                )
                if reasoning_delta:
                    for event in _ensure_reasoning_open():
                        yield event
                    full_reasoning += reasoning_delta
                    yield _sse(
                        "response.reasoning_text.delta",
                        {
                            "type": "response.reasoning_text.delta",
                            "item_id": reasoning_state["item_id"],
                            "output_index": reasoning_state["output_index"],
                            "content_index": 0,
                            "delta": reasoning_delta,
                        },
                    )
                if visible_delta:
                    for event in _ensure_message_open():
                        yield event
                    full_text += visible_delta
                    api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, visible_delta)
                    yield _sse(
                        "response.output_text.delta",
                        {
                            "type": "response.output_text.delta",
                            "item_id": message_state["item_id"],
                            "output_index": message_state["output_index"],
                            "content_index": 0,
                            "delta": visible_delta,
                        },
                    )

                for tc in delta.get("tool_calls") or []:
                    idx = tc.get("index", 0)
                    st = tool_call_state.get(idx)
                    fn = tc.get("function") or {}
                    if st is None:
                        # First chunk for this tool call -- allocate an
                        # output_index and emit output_item.added.
                        st = {
                            "output_index": _claim_output_index(),
                            "item_id": f"fc_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}",
                            "call_id": tc.get("id") or "",
                            "name": fn.get("name") or "",
                            "arguments": "",
                            "opened": False,
                        }
                        tool_call_state[idx] = st
                    else:
                        # Later chunks sometimes carry id/name only once; merge
                        # when present.
                        if tc.get("id") and not st["call_id"]:
                            st["call_id"] = tc["id"]
                        if fn.get("name") and not st["name"]:
                            st["name"] = fn["name"]

                    if not st["opened"] and st["call_id"] and st["name"]:
                        item_added = {
                            "type": "response.output_item.added",
                            "output_index": st["output_index"],
                            "item": {
                                "type": "function_call",
                                "id": st["item_id"],
                                "status": "in_progress",
                                "call_id": st["call_id"],
                                "name": st["name"],
                                "arguments": "",
                            },
                        }
                        yield _sse("response.output_item.added", item_added)
                        st["opened"] = True

                    arg_delta = fn.get("arguments") or ""
                    if arg_delta and st["opened"]:
                        st["arguments"] += arg_delta
                        args_delta_event = {
                            "type": "response.function_call_arguments.delta",
                            "item_id": st["item_id"],
                            "output_index": st["output_index"],
                            "delta": arg_delta,
                        }
                        yield _sse("response.function_call_arguments.delta", args_delta_event)
                    elif arg_delta:
                        # Buffer args until we can open the item (some models
                        # send id/name in the same chunk as the first arg delta;
                        # if not, stash).
                        st["arguments"] += arg_delta

                _apply_usage(chunk_data.get("usage"))
        except asyncio.CancelledError:
            disconnect_event.set()
            api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
            raise
        except (httpx.RemoteProtocolError, httpx.ReadError, httpx.CloseError) as e:
            if not disconnect_event.is_set():
                logger.error("responses stream error: %s", e)
                api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
                status_code = 400 if _classify_llama_generation_error(e) is not None else 500
                yield _sse(
                    "response.failed",
                    _failed_response_payload(e, status_code),
                )
                return
        except Exception as e:
            if disconnect_event.is_set():
                api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                return
            logger.error("responses stream error: %s", e)
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
            status_code = 400 if _classify_llama_generation_error(e) is not None else 500
            yield _sse(
                "response.failed",
                _failed_response_payload(e, status_code),
            )
            return
        finally:
            await _aclose_stream_resources(
                watchers = (disconnect_watcher,),
                iterator = lines_iter,
                resp = resp,
                client = client,
            )

        if disconnect_event.is_set():
            api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
            return

        final_reasoning, final_visible = extractor.finish()
        if final_reasoning:
            for event in _ensure_reasoning_open():
                yield event
            full_reasoning += final_reasoning
            yield _sse(
                "response.reasoning_text.delta",
                {
                    "type": "response.reasoning_text.delta",
                    "item_id": reasoning_state["item_id"],
                    "output_index": reasoning_state["output_index"],
                    "content_index": 0,
                    "delta": final_reasoning,
                },
            )
        if final_visible:
            for event in _ensure_message_open():
                yield event
            full_text += final_visible
            api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, final_visible)
            yield _sse(
                "response.output_text.delta",
                {
                    "type": "response.output_text.delta",
                    "item_id": message_state["item_id"],
                    "output_index": message_state["output_index"],
                    "content_index": 0,
                    "delta": final_visible,
                },
            )

        close_items: list[tuple[int, str, dict[str, Any]]] = []
        if reasoning_state["opened"]:
            close_items.append((reasoning_state["output_index"], "reasoning", reasoning_state))
        if message_state["opened"]:
            close_items.append((message_state["output_index"], "message", message_state))
        close_items.extend((st["output_index"], "tool", st) for st in tool_call_state.values())

        for _, kind, st in sorted(close_items, key = lambda item: item[0]):
            if kind == "reasoning":
                yield _sse(
                    "response.reasoning_text.done",
                    {
                        "type": "response.reasoning_text.done",
                        "item_id": st["item_id"],
                        "output_index": st["output_index"],
                        "content_index": 0,
                        "text": full_reasoning,
                    },
                )
                yield _sse(
                    "response.content_part.done",
                    {
                        "type": "response.content_part.done",
                        "item_id": st["item_id"],
                        "output_index": st["output_index"],
                        "content_index": 0,
                        "part": {"type": "reasoning_text", "text": full_reasoning},
                    },
                )
                yield _sse(
                    "response.output_item.done",
                    {
                        "type": "response.output_item.done",
                        "output_index": st["output_index"],
                        "item": {
                            "type": "reasoning",
                            "id": st["item_id"],
                            "status": "completed",
                            "summary": [],
                            "content": [{"type": "reasoning_text", "text": full_reasoning}],
                        },
                    },
                )
                continue

            if kind == "message":
                yield _sse(
                    "response.output_text.done",
                    {
                        "type": "response.output_text.done",
                        "item_id": st["item_id"],
                        "output_index": st["output_index"],
                        "content_index": 0,
                        "text": full_text,
                    },
                )
                yield _sse(
                    "response.content_part.done",
                    {
                        "type": "response.content_part.done",
                        "item_id": st["item_id"],
                        "output_index": st["output_index"],
                        "content_index": 0,
                        "part": {"type": "output_text", "text": full_text, "annotations": []},
                    },
                )
                yield _sse(
                    "response.output_item.done",
                    {
                        "type": "response.output_item.done",
                        "output_index": st["output_index"],
                        "item": {
                            "type": "message",
                            "id": st["item_id"],
                            "status": "completed",
                            "role": "assistant",
                            "content": [
                                {"type": "output_text", "text": full_text, "annotations": []}
                            ],
                        },
                    },
                )
                continue

            # If id/name never arrived (malformed upstream), synthesise so the
            # client still sees a coherent frame sequence.
            if not st["opened"]:
                if not st["call_id"]:
                    st["call_id"] = f"call_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:12]}"
                item_added = {
                    "type": "response.output_item.added",
                    "output_index": st["output_index"],
                    "item": {
                        "type": "function_call",
                        "id": st["item_id"],
                        "status": "in_progress",
                        "call_id": st["call_id"],
                        "name": st["name"],
                        "arguments": "",
                    },
                }
                yield _sse("response.output_item.added", item_added)
                if st["arguments"]:
                    yield _sse(
                        "response.function_call_arguments.delta",
                        {
                            "type": "response.function_call_arguments.delta",
                            "item_id": st["item_id"],
                            "output_index": st["output_index"],
                            "delta": st["arguments"],
                        },
                    )
                st["opened"] = True

            args_done = {
                "type": "response.function_call_arguments.done",
                "item_id": st["item_id"],
                "output_index": st["output_index"],
                "name": st["name"],
                "arguments": st["arguments"],
            }
            yield _sse("response.function_call_arguments.done", args_done)

            item_done = {
                "type": "response.output_item.done",
                "output_index": st["output_index"],
                "item": {
                    "type": "function_call",
                    "id": st["item_id"],
                    "status": "completed",
                    "call_id": st["call_id"],
                    "name": st["name"],
                    "arguments": st["arguments"],
                },
            }
            api_monitor.append_reply(monitor_id, _monitor_call_text(st["name"], st["arguments"]))
            yield _sse("response.output_item.done", item_done)

        # response.completed
        total_tokens = input_tokens + output_tokens
        completed_response = {
            "type": "response.completed",
            "response": {
                "id": resp_id,
                "object": "response",
                "created_at": created_at,
                "status": "completed",
                "model": _clean_model,
                "output": _snapshot_output(),
                "usage": {
                    "input_tokens": input_tokens,
                    "output_tokens": output_tokens,
                    "total_tokens": total_tokens,
                },
            },
        }
        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)
        yield _sse("response.completed", completed_response)

    return _SameTaskStreamingResponse(
        event_generator(),
        media_type = "text/event-stream",
        headers = {
            "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
            "Connection": "close",
            "X-Accel-Buffering": "no",
        },
    )


@router.post("/responses")
async def openai_responses(
    payload: ResponsesRequest,
    request: Request,
    current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject),
):
    """
    OpenAI Responses API endpoint.

    Accepts a Responses-format request, converts it to a ChatCompletionRequest
    internally, and returns a response matching the Responses API schema
    (output array, input_tokens/output_tokens, named SSE events for streaming).
    """
    messages = _normalise_responses_input(payload)
    if not messages:
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 400, detail = "No input provided.")

    if payload.stream:
        monitor_id = None
        if not getattr(request.state, "skip_api_monitor", False):
            monitor_id = api_monitor.start(
                endpoint = request.url.path,
                method = request.method,
                model = payload.model,
                prompt = _monitor_prompt_from_messages(messages),
                context_length = _monitor_context_length(),
                subject = current_subject,
            )
        try:
            return await _responses_stream(payload, messages, request, monitor_id)
        except HTTPException as exc:
            detail = exc.detail
            if not isinstance(detail, str):
                detail = json.dumps(detail, default = str)
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, detail)
            raise
        except Exception as exc:
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(exc))
            raise
    return await _responses_non_streaming(payload, messages, request, current_subject)


# =====================================================================
# Anthropic-Compatible Messages API  (/messages → /v1/messages)
# =====================================================================


_STUDIO_ANTHROPIC_TOOL_ALIASES = {
    "web_search": "web_search",
    "web_search_20250305": "web_search",
    "web_fetch": "web_search",
    "web_fetch_20250910": "web_search",
    "web_fetch_20260209": "web_search",
    "python": "python",
    "terminal": "terminal",
}


def _anthropic_requested_studio_tools(tools: Optional[list]) -> set[str]:
    requested: set[str] = set()
    for tool in tools or []:
        td = tool if isinstance(tool, dict) else tool.model_dump()
        # Client tools always carry input_schema; server tools never do.
        if td.get("input_schema") is not None:
            continue
        # Anthropic dispatches server tools by `type`, not bare `name`; matching
        # name too would let a malformed client tool like `{"name": "python"}`
        # silently flip into server-execution mode.
        type_ = td.get("type")
        if isinstance(type_, str) and type_ in _STUDIO_ANTHROPIC_TOOL_ALIASES:
            requested.add(_STUDIO_ANTHROPIC_TOOL_ALIASES[type_])
    return requested


def _select_anthropic_server_tools(
    all_tools: list[dict], requested_studio_tools: set[str], enabled_tools: Optional[list[str]]
) -> list[dict]:
    """Select Studio tools requested through Anthropic tools and extensions."""
    if not requested_studio_tools and enabled_tools is None:
        return all_tools

    selected_names = set(requested_studio_tools)
    if enabled_tools is not None:
        selected_names.update(enabled_tools)

    return [tool for tool in all_tools if tool["function"]["name"] in selected_names]


def _image_bytes_to_png_b64(raw: bytes) -> str:
    """Decode raw image bytes and re-encode to a base64-ascii PNG string.

    llama-server's stb_image only handles a few formats (JPEG/PNG/BMP/...); re-
    encoding to PNG keeps JPEG/WebP/... inputs loadable. Raises on undecodable
    input; callers wrap the call in ``try`` -> HTTPException(400)."""
    from PIL import Image

    img = Image.open(io.BytesIO(raw)).convert("RGB")
    buf = io.BytesIO()
    img.save(buf, format = "PNG")
    return base64.b64encode(buf.getvalue()).decode("ascii")


def _normalize_anthropic_openai_images(openai_messages: list[dict], is_vision: bool) -> bool:
    """Enforce the vision guard on translated Anthropic messages and normalize
    any base64-data-URL ``image_url`` parts to PNG.

    llama-server's stb_image only handles a few formats (JPEG/PNG/BMP/…);
    Anthropic clients commonly send JPEG or WebP, and Claude Code sends WebP.
    Re-encoding everything to PNG mirrors `_openai_messages_for_passthrough` /
    the GGUF branch of `/v1/chat/completions` so the two endpoints agree.

    Mutates ``openai_messages`` in place. Returns ``True`` when any image part
    was seen (so the caller can skip a second scan). Raises HTTPException(400)
    when images are present but the active model isn't a vision model, or when
    an image cannot be decoded.
    """
    has_image = False
    for msg in openai_messages:
        content = msg.get("content")
        if not isinstance(content, list):
            continue
        for part in content:
            if part.get("type") != "image_url":
                continue

            has_image = True
            if not is_vision:
                raise HTTPException(
                    status_code = 400,
                    detail = "Image provided but current GGUF model does not support vision.",
                )

            url = (part.get("image_url") or {}).get("url", "")
            if not url.startswith("data:"):
                # Remote URLs are forwarded as-is; llama-server will
                # fetch (or fail) per its own support matrix.
                continue

            try:
                _, b64data = url.split(",", 1)
                raw = base64.b64decode(b64data)
                png_b64 = _image_bytes_to_png_b64(raw)
            except Exception:
                raise HTTPException(
                    status_code = 400,
                    detail = "Failed to process image.",
                )
            part["image_url"] = {"url": f"data:image/png;base64,{png_b64}"}

    return has_image


@router.post("/messages/count_tokens")
async def anthropic_count_tokens(
    payload: AnthropicMessagesRequest,
    request: Request,
    current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject),
):
    """Anthropic-compatible token-counting endpoint (POST /v1/messages/count_tokens).

    Translates the Anthropic request to OpenAI form (the same translation the
    /messages handler uses), counts prompt tokens with the loaded GGUF model's
    tokenizer, and returns ``{"input_tokens": int}`` only. Unlike /messages,
    max_tokens is NOT required here.
    """
    llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
    if not llama_backend.is_loaded:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 503,
            detail = "No GGUF model loaded. Load a GGUF model first.",
        )

    # Same Anthropic → OpenAI translation as anthropic_messages: system is
    # folded into the messages list, so pass system=None to the counter.
    openai_messages = anthropic_messages_to_openai(
        [m.model_dump() for m in payload.messages],
        payload.system,
    )
    # Apply the same sanitization /messages does before generation, so the count
    # matches the prompt the real request would build (otherwise empty-assistant
    # sentinels / synthetic tool history inflate the count or hit the fallback).
    openai_messages = _strip_provider_synthetic_tool_history(
        _drop_empty_assistant_sentinels(openai_messages)
    )
    openai_tools = anthropic_tools_to_openai(payload.tools or []) or None

    try:
        count = await asyncio.to_thread(
            llama_backend.count_chat_tokens,
            openai_messages,
            None,
            openai_tools,
            strict = True,
        )
    except Exception:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 503,
            detail = "Unable to count tokens with the loaded model tokenizer.",
        )
    return JSONResponse(content = {"input_tokens": int(count)})


def _set_or_prepend_system_message(
    messages: Optional[list[dict]], system_prompt: str
) -> list[dict]:
    """Return messages with a single leading system prompt, preserving multimodal parts."""
    safe_messages = messages or []
    if not system_prompt:
        return safe_messages

    # Drop existing system/developer turns so the backend never sees duplicate
    # or conflicting system instructions, then prepend the resolved prompt.
    others = [dict(msg) for msg in safe_messages if msg.get("role") not in ("system", "developer")]
    return [{"role": "system", "content": system_prompt}, *others]


@router.post("/messages")
async def anthropic_messages(
    payload: AnthropicMessagesRequest,
    request: Request,
    current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject),
):
    """
    Anthropic-compatible Messages API endpoint.

    Translates Anthropic message format to internal OpenAI format, runs through
    the existing agentic tool loop when tools are provided, and returns
    responses in Anthropic Messages API format (streaming SSE or non-streaming
    JSON).
    """
    llama_backend = get_llama_cpp_backend()
    if not llama_backend.is_loaded:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 503,
            detail = "No GGUF model loaded. Load a GGUF model first.",
        )

    # max_tokens is a required field on the Anthropic Messages API; real
    # Anthropic returns a 400 invalid_request_error when it is omitted.
    if payload.max_tokens is None:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = anthropic_error_body(
                "max_tokens: field required",
                status = 400,
                err_type = "invalid_request_error",
            ),
        )

    # Clean public id so /v1/messages never echoes the local .gguf path (and a
    # legacy raw path sent as payload.model is sanitized rather than returned).
    model_name = (
        public_model_id(getattr(llama_backend, "model_identifier", None))
        or public_model_id(payload.model)
        or payload.model
    )
    message_id = f"msg_{uuid.uuid4().hex[:24]}"

    # ── Translate Anthropic → OpenAI ──────────────────────────
    openai_messages = anthropic_messages_to_openai(
        [m.model_dump() for m in payload.messages],
        payload.system,
    )
    # Strip synthetic provider-side builtin tool history (web_search,
    # web_fetch, code_execution, image_generation cards tagged with
    # _server_tool or extra_content.google.native_part) before handing off to
    # local llama-server. The local /v1/chat/completions and GGUF passthrough
    # builders apply the same strip; without it an Anthropic /v1/messages caller
    # replaying a prior provider-side tool_use forwards fake builtin tool
    # history to a backend with no matching function declarations.
    openai_messages = _strip_provider_synthetic_tool_history(
        _drop_empty_assistant_sentinels(openai_messages)
    )

    # Enforce vision guard + re-encode embedded images to PNG so the Anthropic
    # endpoint matches /v1/chat/completions.
    _has_image = _normalize_anthropic_openai_images(openai_messages, llama_backend.is_vision)

    temperature = payload.temperature if payload.temperature is not None else 0.6
    top_p = payload.top_p if payload.top_p is not None else 0.95
    top_k = payload.top_k if payload.top_k is not None else 20
    min_p = payload.min_p if payload.min_p is not None else 0.01
    repetition_penalty = (
        payload.repetition_penalty if payload.repetition_penalty is not None else 1.0
    )
    presence_penalty = payload.presence_penalty if payload.presence_penalty is not None else 0.0
    stop = payload.stop_sequences or None

    # Translate Anthropic tool_choice to OpenAI format for llama-server. Falls
    # back to "auto" when unset or unrecognized (prior hardcoded behavior).
    openai_tool_choice = anthropic_tool_choice_to_openai(payload.tool_choice)
    if openai_tool_choice is None:
        openai_tool_choice = "auto"

    cancel_event = threading.Event()

    # ── Tool routing ──────────────────────────────────────────
    # Three paths:
    # 1. enable_tools=true → server-side execution of built-in tools (Unsloth shorthand)
    # 2. tools=[...] only  → client-side pass-through (standard Anthropic behavior)
    # 3. neither           → plain chat
    # The server-side agentic loop doesn't support multimodal input -- matches
    # the `not image_b64` gate in /v1/chat/completions.
    requested_studio_tools = _anthropic_requested_studio_tools(payload.tools)

    # Reject malformed client tools at the boundary. AnthropicTool was relaxed
    # to Optional[name]/Optional[input_schema] for server tools, so the
    # converter silently drops incomplete entries -- surface them as 400. A
    # `type` field marks a server-tool declaration per spec (unrecognized server
    # tools are accepted as no-ops); anything else without input_schema or name
    # is malformed and must not be allowed to silently flip execution mode or
    # disable tool calling.
    for tool in payload.tools or []:
        td = tool if isinstance(tool, dict) else tool.model_dump()
        name, type_, schema = td.get("name"), td.get("type"), td.get("input_schema")
        if schema is None and not isinstance(type_, str):
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = f"Tool {name!r} is missing required field 'input_schema'.",
            )
        if schema is not None and (not isinstance(name, str) or not name):
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = "Client tool is missing required field 'name'.",
            )

    # Detect client tools from the raw payload (presence of input_schema) so the
    # mixed-mode check below isn't fooled by a name collision with a server-tool
    # alias that the post-filter would silently drop.
    _has_client_tool = any(
        (t if isinstance(t, dict) else t.model_dump()).get("input_schema") is not None
        for t in payload.tools or []
    )

    # The server-tool agentic loop executes tools in-process and can't relay
    # unknown client functions back to the caller, so mixed requests would
    # silently drop the client tools. Reject explicitly instead.
    if requested_studio_tools and _has_client_tool:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = (
                "Mixing Anthropic server tools (e.g. web_search_20250305) "
                "with custom client tools in a single request is not "
                "supported. Send them in separate requests."
            ),
        )

    openai_client_tools = [
        tool
        for tool in anthropic_tools_to_openai(payload.tools or [])
        if tool.get("function", {}).get("name") not in requested_studio_tools
    ]

    # An Anthropic server-tool declaration implies server-tool mode, but only
    # when tools aren't explicitly disabled (CLI --disable-tools or per-request
    # enable_tools=false). Explicit False always wins.
    _enable = _effective_enable_tools(payload)
    server_tools = (
        (_enable or (_enable is None and bool(requested_studio_tools)))
        and llama_backend.supports_tools
        and not _has_image
    )
    client_tools = (
        not server_tools and len(openai_client_tools) > 0 and llama_backend.supports_tools
    )

    # Anthropic tool_choice.disable_parallel_tool_use caps the response to a
    # single tool_use block. Computed here so BOTH the client-tool passthrough
    # and the server-tool path honor it.
    _disable_parallel = bool(
        isinstance(payload.tool_choice, dict)
        and payload.tool_choice.get("disable_parallel_tool_use")
    )

    monitor_id = None
    monitor_context_length = _monitor_context_length()
    request_state = getattr(request, "state", None)
    if not getattr(request_state, "skip_api_monitor", False):
        request_url = getattr(request, "url", None)
        monitor_id = api_monitor.start(
            endpoint = getattr(request_url, "path", "/v1/messages"),
            method = getattr(request, "method", "POST"),
            model = model_name,
            prompt = _monitor_prompt_from_messages(openai_messages),
            context_length = monitor_context_length,
            subject = current_subject,
        )

    async def _monitored_anthropic(coro):
        try:
            response = await coro
        except asyncio.CancelledError:
            cancel_event.set()
            api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
            raise
        except Exception as exc:
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(exc))
            raise
        return _monitor_anthropic_response(
            response,
            monitor_id,
            monitor_context_length,
            cancel_event,
        )

    # ── Client-side pass-through path ─────────────────────────
    if client_tools:
        openai_tools = openai_client_tools

        if payload.stream:
            return await _monitored_anthropic(
                _anthropic_passthrough_stream(
                    request,
                    cancel_event,
                    llama_backend,
                    openai_messages,
                    openai_tools,
                    temperature,
                    top_p,
                    top_k,
                    payload.max_tokens,
                    message_id,
                    model_name,
                    stop = stop,
                    min_p = min_p,
                    repetition_penalty = repetition_penalty,
                    presence_penalty = presence_penalty,
                    tool_choice = openai_tool_choice,
                    session_id = payload.session_id,
                    cancel_id = payload.cancel_id,
                    disable_parallel_tool_use = _disable_parallel,
                )
            )
        return await _monitored_anthropic(
            _anthropic_passthrough_non_streaming(
                llama_backend,
                openai_messages,
                openai_tools,
                temperature,
                top_p,
                top_k,
                payload.max_tokens,
                message_id,
                model_name,
                stop = stop,
                min_p = min_p,
                repetition_penalty = repetition_penalty,
                presence_penalty = presence_penalty,
                tool_choice = openai_tool_choice,
                disable_parallel_tool_use = _disable_parallel,
            )
        )

    if server_tools:
        # Bypass Permissions suppresses confirm, so both flags together is fine.
        if bool(getattr(payload, "confirm_tool_calls", False)) and not bool(
            getattr(payload, "bypass_permissions", False)
        ):
            api_monitor.fail(
                monitor_id,
                "confirm_tool_calls is not supported for Anthropic Messages server tools.",
            )
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 400,
                detail = anthropic_error_body(
                    "confirm_tool_calls is not supported for Anthropic Messages server tools.",
                    status = 400,
                    err_type = "invalid_request_error",
                ),
            )
        from core.inference.tools import ALL_TOOLS

        openai_tools = _select_anthropic_server_tools(
            ALL_TOOLS,
            requested_studio_tools,
            payload.enabled_tools,
        )

        # Build tool-use system prompt nudge (same logic as /chat/completions)
        _nudge = _build_tool_action_nudge(
            tools = openai_tools,
            model_name = model_name,
        )

        if _nudge:
            # Inject into system prompt
            if openai_messages and openai_messages[0].get("role") == "system":
                openai_messages[0]["content"] = (
                    openai_messages[0]["content"].rstrip() + "\n\n" + _nudge
                )
            else:
                openai_messages.insert(0, {"role": "system", "content": _nudge})

        # Strip stale tool-call XML from conversation
        for _msg in openai_messages:
            if _msg.get("role") == "assistant" and isinstance(_msg.get("content"), str):
                _msg["content"] = _TOOL_XML_RE.sub("", _msg["content"]).strip()

        def _run_tool_gen():
            return llama_backend.generate_chat_completion_with_tools(
                messages = openai_messages,
                tools = openai_tools,
                temperature = temperature,
                top_p = top_p,
                top_k = top_k,
                min_p = min_p,
                repetition_penalty = repetition_penalty,
                presence_penalty = presence_penalty,
                max_tokens = payload.max_tokens,
                stop = stop,
                cancel_event = cancel_event,
                max_tool_iterations = 25,
                auto_heal_tool_calls = True,
                tool_call_timeout = 300,
                session_id = payload.session_id,
                # Anthropic passthrough has no rag_scope field (RAG is local-only).
                rag_scope = getattr(payload, "rag_scope", None),
                disable_parallel_tool_use = _disable_parallel,
                bypass_permissions = bool(payload.bypass_permissions),
            )

        if payload.stream:
            return await _monitored_anthropic(
                _anthropic_tool_stream(
                    request,
                    cancel_event,
                    _run_tool_gen,
                    message_id,
                    model_name,
                    llama_backend = llama_backend,
                    openai_messages = openai_messages,
                    openai_tools = openai_tools,
                    disable_parallel_tool_use = _disable_parallel,
                )
            )
        return await _monitored_anthropic(
            _anthropic_tool_non_streaming(
                _run_tool_gen,
                message_id,
                model_name,
                disable_parallel_tool_use = _disable_parallel,
            )
        )

    # ── No-tool path ──────────────────────────────────────────
    def _run_plain_gen():
        return llama_backend.generate_chat_completion(
            messages = openai_messages,
            temperature = temperature,
            top_p = top_p,
            top_k = top_k,
            min_p = min_p,
            repetition_penalty = repetition_penalty,
            presence_penalty = presence_penalty,
            max_tokens = payload.max_tokens,
            stop = stop,
            cancel_event = cancel_event,
        )

    if payload.stream:
        return await _monitored_anthropic(
            _anthropic_plain_stream(
                request,
                cancel_event,
                _run_plain_gen,
                message_id,
                model_name,
                llama_backend = llama_backend,
                openai_messages = openai_messages,
            )
        )
    return await _monitored_anthropic(
        _anthropic_plain_non_streaming(
            _run_plain_gen,
            message_id,
            model_name,
        )
    )


async def _anthropic_tool_stream(
    request,
    cancel_event,
    run_gen,
    message_id,
    model_name,
    llama_backend = None,
    openai_messages = None,
    openai_tools = None,
    disable_parallel_tool_use = False,
):
    """Streaming response for the tool-calling path."""
    _sentinel = object()

    # Prompt-token count for message_start.usage.input_tokens. count_chat_tokens
    # makes blocking HTTP calls to llama-server, so run it off the event loop.
    # Pass the tools so tool-schema tokens are counted (the generator renders
    # them too), matching the non-stream / count_tokens / passthrough paths.
    input_tokens = 0
    if llama_backend is not None and openai_messages is not None:
        input_tokens = await asyncio.to_thread(
            llama_backend.count_chat_tokens, openai_messages, None, openai_tools
        )

    async def _stream():
        emitter = AnthropicStreamEmitter()
        for line in emitter.start(message_id, model_name, input_tokens = input_tokens):
            yield line

        captured_finish_reason = None
        # Whether the response currently ends on a pending tool_use block (the
        # client must act → stop_reason "tool_use") as opposed to final text.
        # The server may run a tool and then keep generating, which flips this
        # back to False — that is an end_turn (or max_tokens) response.
        ends_on_tool_use = False
        tool_blocks_emitted = 0
        drop_until_tool_end = False

        gen = run_gen()
        # Concurrent disconnect watcher: the loop only polls is_disconnected()
        # between events, so a client disconnect during a long prefill or
        # generation step would otherwise hold the decode slot until the next
        # event or a failed send. The watcher sets cancel_event so the backend
        # stops promptly.
        disconnect_watcher = asyncio.create_task(
            _await_disconnect_then_cancel(request, cancel_event)
        )
        try:
            while True:
                if cancel_event.is_set() or await request.is_disconnected():
                    cancel_event.set()
                    return
                event = await asyncio.to_thread(next, gen, _sentinel)
                if event is _sentinel:
                    break
                etype = event.get("type")
                if drop_until_tool_end:
                    # disable_parallel_tool_use: a later tool call is being
                    # dropped — skip every event until (and including) its tool_end.
                    if etype == "tool_end":
                        drop_until_tool_end = False
                    continue
                if etype == "metadata":
                    _fr = event.get("finish_reason")
                    if _fr is not None:
                        captured_finish_reason = _fr
                # Strip leaked tool-call XML from content events first, so a
                # content event that was purely tool XML doesn't count as text.
                if etype == "content":
                    event = dict(event)
                    event["text"] = _TOOL_XML_RE.sub("", event["text"])
                # disable_parallel_tool_use: keep only the first tool_use block,
                # dropping every later tool_start and its paired tool_end (robust
                # to empty tool-call ids — tracked by state, not id matching).
                if etype == "tool_start":
                    if disable_parallel_tool_use and tool_blocks_emitted >= 1:
                        drop_until_tool_end = True
                        continue
                    ends_on_tool_use = True
                elif etype == "tool_end":
                    tool_blocks_emitted += 1
                    # A tool_end means Studio executed the tool server-side, so
                    # the response no longer ends on a pending client action.
                    # Without this, a server tool that produces no trailing text
                    # would be mislabeled stop_reason "tool_use", telling the
                    # client to run a tool Studio already ran.
                    ends_on_tool_use = False
                elif etype == "content" and event.get("text"):
                    ends_on_tool_use = False
                for line in emitter.feed(event):
                    yield line
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error("anthropic_messages stream error: %s", e)
            _error_event = _anthropic_stream_error_event(e)
            if _error_event is not None:
                yield _error_event
                return
        finally:
            await _stop_local_disconnect_cancel_watcher(disconnect_watcher)

        stop_reason = openai_finish_to_anthropic_stop(
            captured_finish_reason, had_tool_calls = ends_on_tool_use
        )
        for line in emitter.finish(stop_reason = stop_reason, stop_sequence = None):
            yield line

    return _sse_streaming_response(_stream())


async def _anthropic_plain_stream(
    request,
    cancel_event,
    run_gen,
    message_id,
    model_name,
    llama_backend = None,
    openai_messages = None,
):
    """Streaming response for the no-tool path."""
    _sentinel = object()

    # Prompt-token count for message_start.usage.input_tokens. count_chat_tokens
    # makes blocking HTTP calls to llama-server, so run it off the event loop.
    input_tokens = 0
    if llama_backend is not None and openai_messages is not None:
        input_tokens = await asyncio.to_thread(llama_backend.count_chat_tokens, openai_messages)

    async def _stream():
        emitter = AnthropicStreamEmitter()
        for line in emitter.start(message_id, model_name, input_tokens = input_tokens):
            yield line

        captured_finish_reason = None

        gen = run_gen()
        # Concurrent disconnect watcher: the loop only polls is_disconnected()
        # between chunks, so a client disconnect during a long prefill or
        # generation step would otherwise hold the decode slot until the next
        # chunk or a failed send. The watcher sets cancel_event so the backend
        # stops promptly.
        disconnect_watcher = asyncio.create_task(
            _await_disconnect_then_cancel(request, cancel_event)
        )
        try:
            while True:
                if cancel_event.is_set() or await request.is_disconnected():
                    cancel_event.set()
                    return
                cumulative = await asyncio.to_thread(next, gen, _sentinel)
                if cumulative is _sentinel:
                    break
                if isinstance(cumulative, dict):
                    if cumulative.get("type") == "metadata":
                        _fr = cumulative.get("finish_reason")
                        if _fr is not None:
                            captured_finish_reason = _fr
                        for line in emitter.feed(cumulative):
                            yield line
                    continue
                # Plain generator yields cumulative text strings
                for line in emitter.feed({"type": "content", "text": cumulative}):
                    yield line
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error("anthropic_messages stream error: %s", e)
            _error_event = _anthropic_stream_error_event(e)
            if _error_event is not None:
                yield _error_event
                return
        finally:
            await _stop_local_disconnect_cancel_watcher(disconnect_watcher)

        stop_reason = openai_finish_to_anthropic_stop(captured_finish_reason, had_tool_calls = False)
        for line in emitter.finish(stop_reason = stop_reason, stop_sequence = None):
            yield line

    return _sse_streaming_response(_stream())


def _anthropic_map_generation_error(e: Exception) -> HTTPException:
    """Map an upstream 4xx / context-overflow generation error to a clean
    Anthropic 400 invalid_request_error. Genuine 5xx errors stay 500."""
    if _classify_llama_generation_error(e) is not None:
        return HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = anthropic_error_body(
                _friendly_error(e),
                status = 400,
                err_type = "invalid_request_error",
            ),
        )
    return HTTPException(status_code = 500, detail = _friendly_error(e))


def _collect_anthropic_events(run_gen) -> list:
    """Drain the generator into a list, mapping an upstream 4xx / context
    overflow to a clean Anthropic 400 instead of leaking a 500."""
    try:
        return list(run_gen())
    except HTTPException:
        raise
    except Exception as e:
        raise _anthropic_map_generation_error(e)


def _anthropic_message_json_response(
    message_id, model_name, content_blocks, stop_reason, usage
) -> Response:
    """Assemble the terminal Anthropic non-streaming JSON response shared by the
    tool / plain / passthrough paths."""
    return _model_json_response(
        AnthropicMessagesResponse(
            id = message_id,
            model = model_name,
            content = content_blocks,
            stop_reason = stop_reason,
            usage = AnthropicUsage(
                input_tokens = usage.get("prompt_tokens", 0),
                output_tokens = usage.get("completion_tokens", 0),
            ),
        )
    )


async def _anthropic_tool_non_streaming(
    run_gen,
    message_id,
    model_name,
    disable_parallel_tool_use = False,
):
    """Non-streaming response for the tool-calling path.

    Builds ``content_blocks`` in generation order (text → tool_use → text →
    tool_use → ...), mirroring the streaming emitter. Deltas within one
    synthesis turn merge into the trailing text block; tool_use blocks interrupt
    the text sequence and open a new text block on the next content event.

    ``prev_text`` is reset on ``tool_end`` because
    ``generate_chat_completion_with_tools`` yields cumulative content *per
    turn* -- the first content event of turn N+1 must diff against an empty
    baseline, not turn N's final length.
    """
    content_blocks: list = []
    tool_blocks_by_id: dict[str, AnthropicResponseToolUseBlock] = {}
    usage = {}
    prev_text = ""
    captured_finish_reason = None
    # Pending client tool_use; cleared by tool_end (server execution) or
    # trailing text. See the stop_reason mapping below.
    ends_on_tool_use = False

    events = _collect_anthropic_events(run_gen)

    for event in events:
        etype = event.get("type", "")
        if etype == "content":
            # Strip leaked tool-call XML
            clean = _TOOL_XML_RE.sub("", event["text"])
            new = clean[len(prev_text) :]
            prev_text = clean
            if new:
                ends_on_tool_use = False
                if content_blocks and isinstance(content_blocks[-1], AnthropicResponseTextBlock):
                    content_blocks[-1].text += new
                else:
                    content_blocks.append(AnthropicResponseTextBlock(text = new))
        elif etype == "tool_start":
            tool_call_id = event["tool_call_id"]
            arguments = event.get("arguments", {})
            existing_tool_block = tool_blocks_by_id.get(tool_call_id) if tool_call_id else None
            if existing_tool_block is not None:
                if arguments or not existing_tool_block.input:
                    existing_tool_block.input = arguments
                if event.get("tool_name") and not existing_tool_block.name:
                    existing_tool_block.name = event["tool_name"]
            else:
                tool_block = AnthropicResponseToolUseBlock(
                    id = anthropic_tool_use_id(tool_call_id),
                    name = event["tool_name"],
                    input = arguments,
                )
                if tool_call_id:
                    tool_blocks_by_id[tool_call_id] = tool_block
                content_blocks.append(tool_block)
            ends_on_tool_use = True
        elif etype == "tool_end":
            prev_text = ""
            # Server-executed: no longer pending a client action (see above).
            ends_on_tool_use = False
        elif etype == "metadata":
            usage = event.get("usage", {})
            _fr = event.get("finish_reason")
            if _fr is not None:
                captured_finish_reason = _fr

    # disable_parallel_tool_use: cap the response to at most one tool_use
    # block. Keep the first tool_use and drop any later ones.
    if disable_parallel_tool_use:
        _seen_tool_use = False
        _capped: list = []
        for block in content_blocks:
            if isinstance(block, AnthropicResponseToolUseBlock):
                if _seen_tool_use:
                    continue
                _seen_tool_use = True
            _capped.append(block)
        content_blocks = _capped

    # stop_reason "tool_use" only when the response still ends on a pending
    # tool_use (client must act). `ends_on_tool_use` is tracked through the
    # event stream above: it is True only if the last tool_start had no
    # following tool_end (server execution) or trailing text.
    stop_reason = openai_finish_to_anthropic_stop(
        captured_finish_reason, had_tool_calls = ends_on_tool_use
    )

    return _anthropic_message_json_response(
        message_id, model_name, content_blocks, stop_reason, usage
    )


async def _anthropic_plain_non_streaming(run_gen, message_id, model_name):
    """Non-streaming response for the no-tool path."""
    text_parts = []
    usage = {}
    prev_text = ""
    captured_finish_reason = None

    events = _collect_anthropic_events(run_gen)

    for cumulative in events:
        if isinstance(cumulative, dict):
            if cumulative.get("type") == "metadata":
                usage = cumulative.get("usage", {})
                _fr = cumulative.get("finish_reason")
                if _fr is not None:
                    captured_finish_reason = _fr
            continue
        new = cumulative[len(prev_text) :]
        prev_text = cumulative
        if new:
            text_parts.append(new)

    full_text = "".join(text_parts)
    content_blocks = []
    if full_text:
        content_blocks.append(AnthropicResponseTextBlock(text = full_text))

    stop_reason = openai_finish_to_anthropic_stop(captured_finish_reason, had_tool_calls = False)

    return _anthropic_message_json_response(
        message_id, model_name, content_blocks, stop_reason, usage
    )


# =====================================================================
# Client-side tool pass-through (Anthropic-native tools field)
# =====================================================================


def _build_passthrough_payload(
    openai_messages,
    openai_tools,
    temperature,
    top_p,
    top_k,
    max_tokens,
    stream,
    stop = None,
    min_p = None,
    repetition_penalty = None,
    presence_penalty = None,
    tool_choice = "auto",
    response_format = None,
    chat_template_kwargs = None,
    backend_ctx = None,
    seed = None,
    stream_options = None,
):
    body = {
        "messages": openai_messages,
        "tools": openai_tools,
        "tool_choice": tool_choice,
        "temperature": temperature,
        "top_p": top_p,
        "top_k": top_k,
        "stream": stream,
    }
    if seed is not None:
        body["seed"] = seed
    if stream and stream_options is not None:
        body["stream_options"] = stream_options
    body["max_tokens"] = (
        max_tokens if max_tokens is not None else (backend_ctx or _DEFAULT_MAX_TOKENS_FLOOR)
    )
    # Normalize stop the same way the non-passthrough path does (the passthrough
    # was previously the one path that forwarded an empty stop string verbatim).
    _stop = _normalize_stop_sequences(stop)
    if _stop:
        body["stop"] = _stop
    if min_p is not None:
        body["min_p"] = min_p
    if repetition_penalty is not None:
        # llama-server's field is "repeat_penalty", not "repetition_penalty".
        body["repeat_penalty"] = repetition_penalty
    if presence_penalty is not None:
        body["presence_penalty"] = presence_penalty
    if response_format is not None:
        # llama-server applies a GBNF grammar derived from the JSON schema when
        # response_format is present. The field is documented flat at the
        # request root (tools/server/README.md), which is also what the OpenAI
        # SDK produces by spreading extra_body into the body top.
        body["response_format"] = response_format
    if chat_template_kwargs is not None:
        # Propagate reasoning / template overrides (e.g. enable_thinking) so
        # llama-server renders the Jinja template in the caller's mode instead
        # of the model's load-time default.
        body["chat_template_kwargs"] = chat_template_kwargs
    return body


async def _anthropic_passthrough_stream(
    request,
    cancel_event,
    llama_backend,
    openai_messages,
    openai_tools,
    temperature,
    top_p,
    top_k,
    max_tokens,
    message_id,
    model_name,
    stop = None,
    min_p = None,
    repetition_penalty = None,
    presence_penalty = None,
    tool_choice = "auto",
    session_id = None,
    cancel_id = None,
    disable_parallel_tool_use = False,
):
    """Streaming client-side pass-through: forward tools to llama-server and
    translate its stream to Anthropic SSE without executing anything."""
    target_url = f"{llama_backend.base_url}/v1/chat/completions"
    body = _build_passthrough_payload(
        openai_messages,
        openai_tools,
        temperature,
        top_p,
        top_k,
        max_tokens,
        True,
        stop = stop,
        min_p = min_p,
        repetition_penalty = repetition_penalty,
        presence_penalty = presence_penalty,
        tool_choice = tool_choice,
        backend_ctx = llama_backend.context_length,
        stream_options = {"include_usage": True},
    )

    # Prompt-token count for message_start.usage.input_tokens. count_chat_tokens
    # makes blocking HTTP calls to llama-server, so run it off the event loop.
    # Pass the tools through so tool-schema tokens are counted (otherwise the
    # streaming input_tokens undercounts vs the non-stream / count_tokens paths).
    input_tokens = await asyncio.to_thread(
        llama_backend.count_chat_tokens, openai_messages, None, openai_tools
    )

    # cancel_id mirrors the OpenAI passthrough so a per-run cancel POST
    # works without the caller having to know the local message_id.
    _tracker = _TrackedCancel(cancel_event, cancel_id, session_id, message_id)
    _tracker.__enter__()

    async def _stream():
        emitter = AnthropicPassthroughEmitter()
        for line in emitter.start(message_id, model_name, input_tokens = input_tokens):
            yield line

        # Manage the httpx client, response, AND the aiter_lines() async
        # generator MANUALLY -- no `async with`, no anonymous iterator.
        #
        # On Python 3.13 + httpcore 1.0.x, `async for raw_line in
        # resp.aiter_lines():` creates an anonymous async generator. When the
        # loop exits via `break` (or the generator is orphaned by a mid-stream
        # client disconnect), `async for` does NOT auto-close the iterator like
        # a sync `for` would. The iterator stays reachable only from the current
        # coroutine frame; once `_stream()` returns, the frame is GC'd and the
        # iterator becomes unreachable. The asyncgen finalizer then runs aclose()
        # on a LATER GC pass in a DIFFERENT asyncio task, where httpcore's
        # `HTTP11ConnectionByteStream.aclose()` enters `anyio.CancelScope.__exit__`
        # with a mismatched task and prints `RuntimeError: Attempted to exit
        # cancel scope in a different task` / `RuntimeError: async generator
        # ignored GeneratorExit` as "Exception ignored in:" unraisable warnings.
        #
        # Fix: save `resp.aiter_lines()` as `lines_iter`, and in finally
        # explicitly `await lines_iter.aclose()` BEFORE `resp.aclose()` /
        # `client.aclose()`. This closes the iterator in our own task's event
        # loop, cleaning up the httpcore byte-stream before the asyncgen
        # finalizer has anything orphaned to finalize. Each aclose is wrapped in
        # `try: ... except Exception: pass` so nested anyio cleanup noise can't
        # bubble out.
        client = httpx.AsyncClient(
            timeout = _llama_streaming_generation_timeout(),
            limits = httpx.Limits(max_keepalive_connections = 0),
            trust_env = False,
        )
        resp = None
        lines_iter = None
        cancel_watcher = None
        disconnect_watcher = None
        try:
            req = client.build_request(
                "POST", target_url, json = body, headers = {"Connection": "close"}
            )
            first_token_deadline = time.monotonic() + _DEFAULT_FIRST_TOKEN_TIMEOUT_S
            resp = await _send_stream_with_preheader_cancel(
                client, req, cancel_event, request = request
            )
            if resp is None:
                return

            # Upstream client error (e.g. over-context 400) arrives before any
            # SSE. The 200 stream headers are already flushed, so surface it as
            # an in-band Anthropic ``error`` event instead of silently finishing
            # with an empty end_turn message.
            if resp.status_code != 200:
                _err_bytes = await resp.aread()
                _err_text = _err_bytes.decode("utf-8", "replace")[:500]
                logger.error(
                    "anthropic passthrough upstream error: status=%s body=%s",
                    resp.status_code,
                    _err_text,
                )
                yield build_anthropic_sse_event(
                    "error",
                    anthropic_error_body(
                        f"llama-server error: {_err_text}",
                        status = resp.status_code,
                    ),
                )
                return

            # Watchers unblock aiter_lines() during prefill, before in-loop
            # cancel/disconnect checks can run.
            cancel_watcher = asyncio.create_task(_await_cancel_then_close(cancel_event, resp))
            disconnect_watcher = asyncio.create_task(
                _await_disconnect_then_close(request, resp, cancel_event)
            )
            lines_iter = resp.aiter_lines()
            async for raw_line in _aiter_llama_stream_items(
                lines_iter,
                cancel_event = cancel_event,
                request = request,
                first_token_deadline = first_token_deadline,
                response = resp,
            ):
                if not raw_line or not raw_line.startswith("data: "):
                    continue
                data_str = raw_line[6:]
                if data_str.strip() == "[DONE]":
                    break
                try:
                    chunk = json.loads(data_str)
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    continue
                if disable_parallel_tool_use:
                    _drop_parallel_tool_call_deltas(chunk)
                for line in emitter.feed_chunk(chunk):
                    yield line
        except Exception as e:
            if not cancel_event.is_set():
                logger.error("anthropic_messages passthrough stream error: %s", e)
                get_llama_cpp_backend()._maybe_recover_from_mtp_crash(e)
                event = _anthropic_stream_error_event(
                    e,
                    force = True,
                )
                if event is not None:
                    yield event
                return
        finally:
            await _aclose_stream_resources(
                watchers = (cancel_watcher, disconnect_watcher),
                iterator = lines_iter,
                resp = resp,
                client = client,
            )
            _tracker.__exit__(None, None, None)

        for line in emitter.finish():
            yield line

    return _sse_streaming_response(_stream())


async def _anthropic_passthrough_non_streaming(
    llama_backend,
    openai_messages,
    openai_tools,
    temperature,
    top_p,
    top_k,
    max_tokens,
    message_id,
    model_name,
    stop = None,
    min_p = None,
    repetition_penalty = None,
    presence_penalty = None,
    tool_choice = "auto",
    disable_parallel_tool_use = False,
):
    """Non-streaming client-side pass-through."""
    target_url = f"{llama_backend.base_url}/v1/chat/completions"
    body = _build_passthrough_payload(
        openai_messages,
        openai_tools,
        temperature,
        top_p,
        top_k,
        max_tokens,
        False,
        stop = stop,
        min_p = min_p,
        repetition_penalty = repetition_penalty,
        presence_penalty = presence_penalty,
        tool_choice = tool_choice,
        backend_ctx = llama_backend.context_length,
    )

    resp = await nonstreaming_client().post(
        target_url,
        json = body,
        timeout = _llama_non_streaming_generation_timeout(),
    )

    if resp.status_code != 200:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = resp.status_code,
            detail = f"llama-server error: {resp.text[:500]}",
        )

    data = resp.json()
    choice = (data.get("choices") or [{}])[0]
    message = choice.get("message") or {}
    finish_reason = choice.get("finish_reason")

    content_blocks = []
    text = message.get("content") or ""
    if text:
        text = _TOOL_XML_RE.sub("", text).strip()
        if text:
            content_blocks.append(AnthropicResponseTextBlock(text = text))

    tool_calls = message.get("tool_calls") or []
    # disable_parallel_tool_use: keep only the first tool_use block.
    if disable_parallel_tool_use and len(tool_calls) > 1:
        tool_calls = tool_calls[:1]
    for tc in tool_calls:
        fn = tc.get("function") or {}
        try:
            args = json.loads(fn.get("arguments", "{}"))
        except json.JSONDecodeError:
            args = {}
        content_blocks.append(
            AnthropicResponseToolUseBlock(
                id = anthropic_tool_use_id(tc.get("id")),
                name = fn.get("name", ""),
                input = args,
            )
        )

    stop_reason = openai_finish_to_anthropic_stop(finish_reason, had_tool_calls = bool(tool_calls))

    usage = data.get("usage") or {}
    return _anthropic_message_json_response(
        message_id, model_name, content_blocks, stop_reason, usage
    )


# =====================================================================
# Client-side tool pass-through (OpenAI-native /v1/chat/completions)
# =====================================================================


def _drop_empty_assistant_sentinels(messages: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
    """Drop bare ``{"role":"assistant"}`` Stop-button sentinels; passthrough backends reject them."""
    out: list[dict] = []
    for m in messages:
        if m.get("role") == "assistant":
            has_content = bool(m.get("content"))
            has_tool_calls = bool(m.get("tool_calls"))
            if not has_content and not has_tool_calls:
                continue
        out.append(m)
    return out


def _merge_user_content(a: Any, b: Any) -> Any:
    """Join two user ``content`` values: strings with a blank line, else as concatenated parts."""
    if isinstance(a, str) and isinstance(b, str):
        if not a:
            return b
        if not b:
            return a
        return a + "\n\n" + b

    def _parts(c: Any) -> list:
        if c is None:
            return []
        if isinstance(c, str):
            return [{"type": "text", "text": c}] if c else []
        if isinstance(c, list):
            return list(c)
        return [{"type": "text", "text": str(c)}]

    return _parts(a) + _parts(b)


def _coalesce_consecutive_user_turns(messages: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
    """Merge adjacent user turns so the GGUF history stays alternating.

    Dropping an empty assistant turn (0-token reply or Stop-button sentinel) can
    leave two user turns in a row, which makes strict templates (Gemma 3, ...)
    raise "Conversation roles must alternate" -> llama-server 400. Only user turns
    merge (assistant/tool turns may carry tool_calls/tool_call_id); multimodal
    parts are preserved; no-op for already-alternating histories.
    """
    out: list[dict] = []
    for m in messages:
        if m.get("role") == "user" and out and out[-1].get("role") == "user":
            prev = dict(out[-1])
            prev["content"] = _merge_user_content(prev.get("content"), m.get("content"))
            out[-1] = prev
            continue
        out.append(m)
    return out


_LOCAL_SERVER_BUILTIN_TOOL_NAMES = frozenset(
    {"web_search", "web_fetch", "code_execution", "image_generation"}
)


def _strip_provider_synthetic_tool_history(messages: list[dict]) -> list[dict]:
    """Drop synthetic provider-side tool_calls + matching role=tool replies on
    the local-backend (llama-server / GGUF) dispatch path.

    A Gemini chat that ran code_execution / image_generation persists the
    server-side tool card into history as an assistant tool_calls entry tagged
    with ``args._server_tool`` (or a Gemini ``args.google.native_part`` payload)
    plus a follow-up role=tool reply. When the user switches the SAME thread to
    a local GGUF model, those synthetic tool_calls aren't real user functions,
    llama-server has no matching declaration, and Gemini-only ``extra_content``
    / ``native_part`` payloads are meaningless. Forward only ordinary user
    function calls; strip the matched role=tool replies too so the backend never
    sees an orphan tool_call_id.
    """
    dropped_ids: set[str] = set()
    sanitized_assistant: list[dict] = []
    for m in messages:
        if m.get("role") != "assistant":
            sanitized_assistant.append(m)
            continue
        tool_calls = m.get("tool_calls")
        if not isinstance(tool_calls, list) or not tool_calls:
            # Plain text Gemini reply: still strip message-level
            # `extra_content` (carries `google.thought_signature` replay
            # metadata) so a text-only Gemini turn switched to a local GGUF
            # backend doesn't leak Gemini-only fields to llama-server.
            # ChatMessage didn't used to have `extra_content` (implicitly
            # dropped); round-22 added it, which made this leak possible.
            if "extra_content" in m:
                m = {k: v for k, v in m.items() if k != "extra_content"}
            sanitized_assistant.append(m)
            continue
        cleaned: list[dict] = []
        for tc in tool_calls:
            if not isinstance(tc, dict):
                cleaned.append(tc)
                continue
            fn = tc.get("function")
            name = ""
            if isinstance(fn, dict):
                name = (fn.get("name") or "").lower()
            if name in _LOCAL_SERVER_BUILTIN_TOOL_NAMES:
                raw_args = fn.get("arguments") if isinstance(fn, dict) else None
                args_obj: Any = None
                if isinstance(raw_args, str):
                    try:
                        args_obj = json.loads(raw_args) if raw_args else None
                    except Exception:
                        args_obj = None
                elif isinstance(raw_args, dict):
                    args_obj = raw_args
                is_synthetic = False
                if isinstance(args_obj, dict):
                    if args_obj.get("_server_tool") is True:
                        is_synthetic = True
                    google = args_obj.get("google")
                    if isinstance(google, dict) and isinstance(google.get("native_part"), dict):
                        is_synthetic = True
                if is_synthetic:
                    tc_id = tc.get("id")
                    if isinstance(tc_id, str) and tc_id:
                        dropped_ids.add(tc_id)
                    continue
            # Strip Gemini-only `extra_content` on real user tool_calls too --
            # llama-server has no use for it and may pass it to the model
            # unchanged.
            if "extra_content" in tc:
                tc = {k: v for k, v in tc.items() if k != "extra_content"}
            cleaned.append(tc)
        # Drop message-level `extra_content` (Gemini thoughtSignature replay
        # metadata) on local dispatch.
        m_clean = {k: v for k, v in m.items() if k != "extra_content"}
        if cleaned:
            m_clean["tool_calls"] = cleaned
        else:
            m_clean.pop("tool_calls", None)
        if not m_clean.get("content") and not m_clean.get("tool_calls"):
            continue  # assistant turn now empty, drop
        sanitized_assistant.append(m_clean)

    if not dropped_ids:
        return sanitized_assistant
    out: list[dict] = []
    for m in sanitized_assistant:
        if (
            m.get("role") == "tool"
            and isinstance(m.get("tool_call_id"), str)
            and m["tool_call_id"] in dropped_ids
        ):
            continue
        out.append(m)
    return out


def _splice_image_into_last_user(messages: list[dict], image_part: dict) -> None:
    """Splice an image content part into the last user message, in place.

    String content becomes a text part plus the image; an existing content-part
    list gets the image appended; any other shape is replaced by the lone image.
    With no user message present, a new user turn carrying the image is appended."""
    for msg in reversed(messages):
        if msg.get("role") != "user":
            continue
        existing = msg.get("content")
        if isinstance(existing, str):
            msg["content"] = [{"type": "text", "text": existing}, image_part]
        elif isinstance(existing, list):
            existing.append(image_part)
        else:
            msg["content"] = [image_part]
        break
    else:
        messages.append({"role": "user", "content": [image_part]})


def _openai_messages_for_passthrough(payload) -> list[dict]:
    """Build OpenAI-format message dicts for the /v1/chat/completions
    passthrough path.

    ``payload.messages`` are dumped through Pydantic (dropping unset optional
    fields), so they're already standard OpenAI format -- including
    ``role="tool"`` tool-result messages and assistant messages carrying
    structured ``tool_calls``. Content-parts images already in the list are
    left untouched.

    When a client uses Studio's legacy ``image_base64`` top-level field, the
    image is re-encoded to PNG (llama-server's stb_image has limited format
    support) and spliced into the last user message as an OpenAI ``image_url``
    content part so vision + function-calling requests work transparently.
    """
    messages = _strip_provider_synthetic_tool_history(
        _drop_empty_assistant_sentinels([m.model_dump(exclude_none = True) for m in payload.messages])
    )

    if not payload.image_base64:
        return messages

    try:
        raw = base64.b64decode(payload.image_base64)
        png_b64 = _image_bytes_to_png_b64(raw)
    except Exception:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code = 400,
            detail = "Failed to process image.",
        )

    data_url = f"data:image/png;base64,{png_b64}"
    image_part = {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": data_url}}

    _splice_image_into_last_user(messages, image_part)

    return messages


def _openai_messages_for_gguf_chat(payload, is_vision: bool) -> tuple[list[dict], bool]:
    """Build llama-server messages for the standard GGUF chat path.

    llama-server accepts OpenAI multimodal content parts directly. Preserve all
    per-turn ``image_url`` parts so multi-image chat history keeps each image
    attached to its original turn.
    """
    # Coalesce only on the GGUF chat path (strict Jinja template); the tool path
    # reuses this via _set_or_prepend_system_message. Passthrough forwards verbatim.
    messages = _coalesce_consecutive_user_turns(
        _strip_provider_synthetic_tool_history(
            _drop_empty_assistant_sentinels(
                [m.model_dump(exclude_none = True) for m in payload.messages]
            )
        )
    )
    has_message_image = any(
        isinstance(msg.get("content"), list)
        and any(part.get("type") == "image_url" for part in msg["content"])
        for msg in messages
    )
    if payload.image_base64 and not has_message_image:
        # Legacy bytes can be any format; the normalizer below sniffs and
        # re-encodes to PNG, so the declared mime is rewritten anyway.
        image_part = {
            "type": "image_url",
            "image_url": {
                "url": f"data:image/png;base64,{payload.image_base64}",
            },
        }
        _splice_image_into_last_user(messages, image_part)
    has_image = _normalize_anthropic_openai_images(messages, is_vision)
    return messages, has_image


def _extract_response_format(payload):
    """Return the ``response_format`` field on an incoming ChatCompletionRequest
    (or None). The model uses ``extra="allow"`` so pydantic stashes unknown
    top-level fields in ``model_extra``; OpenAI-SDK clients spread ``extra_body``
    into the request body top level, where guided-decoding recipes park their
    JSON-schema response_format.
    """
    extra = getattr(payload, "model_extra", None)
    if not isinstance(extra, dict):
        return None
    rf = extra.get("response_format")
    return rf if isinstance(rf, dict) else None


def _build_openai_passthrough_body(
    payload,
    backend_ctx = None,
    llama_backend = None,
) -> dict:
    """Assemble the llama-server request body from a ChatCompletionRequest.

    Only known OpenAI / llama-server fields are forwarded, so Studio-specific
    extensions (``enable_tools``, ``enabled_tools``, ``session_id``, ...) never
    leak to the backend.
    """
    messages = _openai_messages_for_passthrough(payload)
    system_prompt, _, _ = _extract_content_parts(payload.messages)
    messages = _set_or_prepend_system_message(messages, system_prompt)
    tool_choice = payload.tool_choice if payload.tool_choice is not None else "auto"
    # Forward per-request reasoning fields (enable_thinking / reasoning_effort /
    # preserve_thinking) via chat_template_kwargs so the Jinja template renders
    # in the caller's mode, gated on the active template's capabilities exactly
    # like the non-passthrough paths.
    tpl_kwargs = (
        llama_backend._request_reasoning_kwargs(
            payload.enable_thinking,
            payload.reasoning_effort,
            payload.preserve_thinking,
        )
        if llama_backend is not None
        else None
    )
    return _build_passthrough_payload(
        messages,
        payload.tools,
        payload.temperature,
        payload.top_p,
        payload.top_k,
        # Honor max_completion_tokens on the tools/response_format passthrough too.
        _effective_max_tokens(payload),
        payload.stream,
        stop = payload.stop,
        min_p = payload.min_p,
        repetition_penalty = payload.repetition_penalty,
        presence_penalty = payload.presence_penalty,
        tool_choice = tool_choice,
        response_format = _extract_response_format(payload),
        chat_template_kwargs = tpl_kwargs,
        backend_ctx = backend_ctx,
        seed = payload.seed,
        stream_options = payload.stream_options,
    )


async def _openai_passthrough_stream(
    request,
    cancel_event,
    llama_backend,
    payload,
    model_name,
    completion_id,
    monitor_id: Optional[str] = None,
):
    """Streaming client-side pass-through for /v1/chat/completions.

    Forwards the client's OpenAI function-calling request to llama-server and
    relays the SSE stream back verbatim, preserving llama-server's native
    response ``id``, ``finish_reason`` (including ``"tool_calls"``),
    ``delta.tool_calls``, and any client-requested trailing ``usage`` chunk so
    the client sees a standard OpenAI response.
    """
    target_url = f"{llama_backend.base_url}/v1/chat/completions"
    body = _build_openai_passthrough_body(
        payload, backend_ctx = llama_backend.context_length, llama_backend = llama_backend
    )

    _cancel_keys = (payload.cancel_id, payload.session_id, completion_id)
    _tracker = _TrackedCancel(cancel_event, *_cancel_keys)
    _tracker.__enter__()

    # Keep tracker cleanup paired if pre-header dispatch is cancelled.
    try:
        # Dispatch BEFORE returning StreamingResponse so transport errors and
        # non-200 upstream statuses surface as real HTTP errors -- OpenAI SDKs
        # rely on status codes to raise APIError/BadRequestError.
        client = httpx.AsyncClient(
            timeout = _llama_streaming_generation_timeout(),
            limits = httpx.Limits(max_keepalive_connections = 0),
            trust_env = False,
        )
        resp = None
        _truncate_budget = (
            _OVERFLOW_TRUNCATE_MAX_RETRIES if _overflow_truncation_requested(payload) else 0
        )
        while True:
            try:
                req = client.build_request(
                    "POST", target_url, json = body, headers = {"Connection": "close"}
                )
                first_token_deadline = time.monotonic() + _DEFAULT_FIRST_TOKEN_TIMEOUT_S
                resp = await _send_stream_with_preheader_cancel(
                    client, req, cancel_event, request = request
                )
            except httpx.RequestError as e:
                # llama-server subprocess crashed / starting / unreachable.
                logger.error("openai passthrough stream: upstream unreachable: %s", e)
                api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
                await _aclose_stream_resources(resp = resp, client = client)
                raise HTTPException(
                    status_code = 502,
                    detail = _friendly_error(e),
                )
            if resp is None:
                api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                try:
                    await client.aclose()
                except Exception:
                    pass
                _tracker.__exit__(None, None, None)
                return _SameTaskStreamingResponse(
                    iter(()),
                    media_type = "text/event-stream",
                    headers = {
                        "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
                        "Connection": "keep-alive",
                        "X-Accel-Buffering": "no",
                    },
                )

            if resp.status_code == 200:
                break
            err_bytes = await resp.aread()
            err_text = err_bytes.decode("utf-8", errors = "replace")
            logger.error(
                "openai passthrough upstream error: status=%s body=%s",
                resp.status_code,
                err_text[:500],
            )
            upstream_status = resp.status_code
            try:
                await resp.aclose()
            except Exception:
                pass
            # Opt-in overflow policy: shrink and retry instead of a fatal 400.
            if (
                _truncate_budget > 0
                and _classify_llama_generation_error(Exception(err_text))
                and _apply_overflow_truncation(body, err_text)
            ):
                _truncate_budget -= 1
                continue
            try:
                await client.aclose()
            except Exception:
                pass
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, err_text[:500])
            raise _openai_passthrough_error(upstream_status, err_text)

        async def _stream():
            # Same httpx lifecycle pattern as _anthropic_passthrough_stream:
            # save resp.aiter_lines() so the finally block can aclose() it on
            # our task. See that function for full rationale.
            lines_iter = None
            # Watchers unblock aiter_lines() during prefill, before in-loop
            # cancel/disconnect checks can run.
            cancel_watcher = asyncio.create_task(_await_cancel_then_close(cancel_event, resp))
            disconnect_watcher = asyncio.create_task(
                _await_disconnect_then_close(request, resp, cancel_event)
            )
            monitor_done = False
            saw_finish_reason = False
            saw_done = False
            saw_stream_error = False
            saw_tool_call_delta = False
            last_chunk_id = completion_id
            last_chunk_model = model_name
            last_chunk_created = int(time.time())

            def _synthetic_finish_line() -> str:
                finish_reason = "tool_calls" if saw_tool_call_delta else "stop"
                chunk = ChatCompletionChunk(
                    id = last_chunk_id,
                    created = last_chunk_created,
                    model = last_chunk_model,
                    choices = [
                        ChunkChoice(
                            delta = ChoiceDelta(),
                            finish_reason = finish_reason,
                        )
                    ],
                )
                return f"data: {chunk.model_dump_json(exclude_none = True)}"

            try:
                lines_iter = resp.aiter_lines()
                async for raw_line in _aiter_llama_stream_items(
                    lines_iter,
                    cancel_event = cancel_event,
                    request = request,
                    first_token_deadline = first_token_deadline,
                    response = resp,
                ):
                    if not raw_line:
                        continue
                    if not raw_line.startswith("data: "):
                        continue
                    data_text = raw_line[6:].strip()
                    if data_text == "[DONE]":
                        saw_done = True
                        if (
                            not saw_finish_reason
                            and not saw_stream_error
                            and not cancel_event.is_set()
                        ):
                            finish_line = _synthetic_finish_line()
                            _monitor_openai_sse_line(
                                monitor_id,
                                finish_line,
                                llama_backend.context_length,
                            )
                            yield finish_line + "\n\n"
                            saw_finish_reason = True
                        _monitor_openai_sse_line(
                            monitor_id,
                            raw_line,
                            llama_backend.context_length,
                        )
                        yield raw_line + "\n\n"
                        monitor_done = True
                        break
                    # Honor parallel_tool_calls=false (best-effort): drop tool_call
                    # deltas with index>=1 so only the first call streams. Only
                    # lines carrying tool_calls are reparsed; everything else is
                    # relayed byte-for-byte.
                    if payload.parallel_tool_calls is False and '"tool_calls"' in raw_line:
                        raw_line = _cap_parallel_tool_calls_sse_line(raw_line)
                        data_text = raw_line[6:].strip()
                    try:
                        chunk_data = json.loads(data_text)
                    except json.JSONDecodeError:
                        chunk_data = None
                    if isinstance(chunk_data, dict):
                        if isinstance(chunk_data.get("id"), str):
                            last_chunk_id = chunk_data["id"]
                        if isinstance(chunk_data.get("model"), str):
                            last_chunk_model = chunk_data["model"]
                        if isinstance(chunk_data.get("created"), int):
                            last_chunk_created = chunk_data["created"]
                        choices = chunk_data.get("choices")
                        if isinstance(choices, list) and choices:
                            choice = choices[0]
                            if isinstance(choice, dict):
                                if choice.get("finish_reason"):
                                    saw_finish_reason = True
                                delta = choice.get("delta")
                                if isinstance(delta, dict) and delta.get("tool_calls"):
                                    saw_tool_call_delta = True
                        # Detect an upstream error chunk independently of API
                        # monitoring: when monitor_id is None (skip_api_monitor),
                        # _monitor_openai_sse_line returns before inspecting the
                        # error, so without this the synthetic-finish guard would
                        # emit a successful finish_reason after a failed stream.
                        if _monitor_openai_error_message(chunk_data):
                            saw_stream_error = True
                    monitor_event = _monitor_openai_sse_line(
                        monitor_id,
                        raw_line,
                        llama_backend.context_length,
                    )
                    if monitor_event == "error":
                        saw_stream_error = True
                    # If a trailing usage-only chunk (include_usage) arrives before
                    # any finish chunk, emit the synthetic finish first so the order
                    # stays finish -> usage -> [DONE], matching the other streams.
                    if (
                        isinstance(chunk_data, dict)
                        and chunk_data.get("usage")
                        and not (
                            isinstance(chunk_data.get("choices"), list) and chunk_data["choices"]
                        )
                        and not saw_finish_reason
                        and not saw_stream_error
                        and not cancel_event.is_set()
                    ):
                        finish_line = _synthetic_finish_line()
                        _monitor_openai_sse_line(
                            monitor_id, finish_line, llama_backend.context_length
                        )
                        yield finish_line + "\n\n"
                        saw_finish_reason = True
                    # Relay verbatim to preserve llama-server's native id,
                    # finish_reason, delta.tool_calls, and usage chunks.
                    yield raw_line + "\n\n"
                    if monitor_event == "done":
                        monitor_done = True
                        break
                if not saw_done and not saw_stream_error and not cancel_event.is_set():
                    # Synthesize a finish chunk only if one was not already
                    # emitted (e.g. before a trailing usage-only chunk), but
                    # always close with [DONE] whenever the upstream omitted it,
                    # so the stream ends on the [DONE] sentinel either way.
                    if not saw_finish_reason:
                        finish_line = _synthetic_finish_line()
                        _monitor_openai_sse_line(
                            monitor_id,
                            finish_line,
                            llama_backend.context_length,
                        )
                        yield finish_line + "\n\n"
                    done_line = "data: [DONE]"
                    _monitor_openai_sse_line(
                        monitor_id,
                        done_line,
                        llama_backend.context_length,
                    )
                    yield done_line + "\n\n"
                    monitor_done = True
                if not monitor_done:
                    api_monitor.finish(
                        monitor_id,
                        "cancelled" if cancel_event.is_set() else "completed",
                    )
            except asyncio.CancelledError:
                api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                raise
            except (httpx.RemoteProtocolError, httpx.ReadError, httpx.CloseError) as e:
                # Watcher closed resp on cancel. Emit nothing extra; the client
                # initiated the cancel or already disconnected.
                if not cancel_event.is_set():
                    api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, "Stream interrupted")
                    get_llama_cpp_backend()._maybe_recover_from_mtp_crash(e)
                    raise
                api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
            except Exception as e:
                if cancel_event.is_set():
                    api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
                    return
                # 200 headers already flushed; errors must go in the SSE body.
                logger.error("openai passthrough stream error: %s", e)
                api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
                get_llama_cpp_backend()._maybe_recover_from_mtp_crash(e)
                err = _openai_stream_error_chunk(e)
                yield f"data: {json.dumps(err)}\n\n"
            finally:
                await _aclose_stream_resources(
                    watchers = (cancel_watcher, disconnect_watcher),
                    iterator = lines_iter,
                    resp = resp,
                    client = client,
                )
                _tracker.__exit__(None, None, None)

        async def _unstarted_cleanup() -> None:
            # Client disconnected before the body stream started, so _stream()'s
            # finally never ran. Release the eagerly-opened upstream resp/client
            # and the cancel-registry entry here; the watchers and line iterator
            # are created inside _stream(), so there is nothing else to close.
            await _aclose_stream_resources(resp = resp, client = client)
            _tracker.__exit__(None, None, None)

        return _SameTaskStreamingResponse(
            _stream(),
            media_type = "text/event-stream",
            headers = {
                "Cache-Control": "no-cache",
                "Connection": "close",
                "X-Accel-Buffering": "no",
            },
            unstarted_cleanup = _unstarted_cleanup,
        )
    except BaseException:
        _tracker.__exit__(None, None, None)
        raise


async def _openai_passthrough_non_streaming(
    llama_backend,
    payload,
    model_name,
    monitor_id: Optional[str] = None,
):
    """Non-streaming client-side pass-through for /v1/chat/completions.

    Returns llama-server's JSON response verbatim so the client sees the native
    response ``id``, ``finish_reason`` (including ``"tool_calls"``), structured
    ``tool_calls``, and accurate ``usage`` token counts.
    """
    target_url = f"{llama_backend.base_url}/v1/chat/completions"
    body = _build_openai_passthrough_body(
        payload, backend_ctx = llama_backend.context_length, llama_backend = llama_backend
    )

    _truncate_budget = (
        _OVERFLOW_TRUNCATE_MAX_RETRIES if _overflow_truncation_requested(payload) else 0
    )
    while True:
        try:
            resp = await nonstreaming_client().post(
                target_url,
                json = body,
                timeout = _llama_non_streaming_generation_timeout(),
            )
        except asyncio.CancelledError:
            api_monitor.finish(monitor_id, "cancelled")
            raise
        except httpx.RequestError as e:
            # llama-server subprocess crashed / starting / unreachable. Surface the
            # same friendly message the sync chat path emits so operators don't see
            # a bare 500 with no diagnostic.
            logger.error("openai passthrough non-streaming: upstream unreachable: %s", e)
            api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, _friendly_error(e))
            get_llama_cpp_backend()._maybe_recover_from_mtp_crash(e)
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code = 502,
                detail = _friendly_error(e),
            )

        if resp.status_code == 200:
            break
        # Opt-in overflow policy: shrink and retry instead of a fatal 400.
        if (
            _truncate_budget > 0
            and _classify_llama_generation_error(Exception(resp.text))
            and _apply_overflow_truncation(body, resp.text)
        ):
            _truncate_budget -= 1
            continue
        api_monitor.fail(monitor_id, resp.text[:500])
        raise _openai_passthrough_error(resp.status_code, resp.text)

    # The guided-decoding fence wraps each choice's JSON content in a
    # ```json ... ``` markdown fence that data_designer's structured parser
    # requires but which CORRUPTS output for standard OpenAI clients doing
    # ``json.loads(content)``. It is therefore opt-in: only the internal
    # data-recipe path sets ``_unsloth_guided_fence``; public response_format
    # clients get the raw upstream JSON verbatim.
    _guided_fence = bool((payload.model_extra or {}).get("_unsloth_guided_fence"))
    _do_fence = _guided_fence and _extract_response_format(payload) is not None
    _cap_parallel = payload.parallel_tool_calls is False

    try:
        data = resp.json()
    except Exception as exc:
        # Non-JSON / unparseable upstream body: relay verbatim as before.
        logger.warning(
            "openai passthrough non-streaming: response not JSON, relaying raw: %s",
            exc,
        )
        api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)
        return Response(content = resp.content, media_type = "application/json")

    changed = False
    for choice in data.get("choices", []):
        if not isinstance(choice, dict):
            continue
        msg = choice.get("message")
        if not isinstance(msg, dict):
            continue

        # OpenAI requires content=null on a pure tool-call turn; llama-server
        # emits content="".
        if msg.get("tool_calls") and msg.get("content") == "":
            msg["content"] = None
            changed = True

        # Honor parallel_tool_calls=false (best-effort) by capping to one call.
        if _cap_parallel:
            _tcs = msg.get("tool_calls")
            if isinstance(_tcs, list) and len(_tcs) > 1:
                msg["tool_calls"] = _tcs[:1]
                changed = True

        # Guided-decoding fence wrap (opt-in via _unsloth_guided_fence).
        if _do_fence:
            content = msg.get("content")
            if not isinstance(content, str):
                continue
            stripped = content.strip()
            if not stripped or stripped.startswith("```"):
                continue
            msg["content"] = f"```json\n{stripped}\n```"
            changed = True

    _monitor_openai_chunk(monitor_id, data, llama_backend.context_length)
    api_monitor.finish(monitor_id)
    if not changed:
        # Nothing mutated: relay the upstream bytes verbatim, skipping a
        # redundant parse + re-serialize round-trip.
        return Response(content = resp.content, media_type = "application/json")
    return JSONResponse(content = data)


# ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
# Diffusion (local text-to-image)
#
# Studio-only routes (studio_router is not mounted under /v1). The diffusion
# backend runs in-process and is synchronous, so the blocking load/generate/
# unload calls are offloaded with asyncio.to_thread to keep the event loop free.
# This is the single error boundary: backend methods raise, we map to HTTP here.
# ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────


def _guard_diffusion_load_against_training() -> None:
    """Refuse loading an image model while a training run is active. Unlike chat,
    a diffusion pipeline's VRAM can't be cheaply estimated before the load, so the
    load is refused outright rather than fit-checked. No-op when training is
    inactive or its state can't be read. Raises HTTP 409."""
    from core.training import get_training_backend

    try:
        if not get_training_backend().is_training_active():
            return
    except Exception as e:
        logger.warning("Could not check training state for image-load guard: %s", e)
        return
    raise HTTPException(
        status_code = 409,
        detail = (
            "Can't load an image model while training is running: the diffusion "
            "pipeline would compete with the training run for GPU memory. Training "
            "was left untouched. Try again after training finishes."
        ),
    )


@studio_router.post("/images/load", response_model = DiffusionStatusResponse)
async def load_diffusion_model(
    request: DiffusionLoadRequest, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)
):
    from core.inference.diffusion import get_diffusion_backend
    from core.inference.gpu_arbiter import acquire_for, DIFFUSION
    from utils.native_path_leases import redact_native_paths

    backend = get_diffusion_backend()
    try:
        # Validate cheaply BEFORE touching the GPU: an unloadable pick (bad family,
        # missing local GGUF) must not evict a working chat model and then 400.
        # validate_load_request does local-path I/O, so run it off the event loop.
        await asyncio.to_thread(
            backend.validate_load_request,
            request.model_path,
            gguf_filename = request.gguf_filename,
            family_override = request.family_override,
        )
        # Refuse while training is running: a multi-GB diffusion pipeline would
        # compete with the training subprocess for VRAM. The chat path does the
        # same via _guard_chat_load_against_training; this is its image sibling.
        _guard_diffusion_load_against_training()
        # Now take the GPU from the chat backend, then kick the (slow) load onto a
        # background thread and return at once — the client polls images/load-progress.
        await asyncio.to_thread(acquire_for, DIFFUSION)
        status_dict = await asyncio.to_thread(
            backend.begin_load,
            request.model_path,
            gguf_filename = request.gguf_filename,
            base_repo = request.base_repo,
            family_override = request.family_override,
            hf_token = request.hf_token,
            cpu_offload = request.cpu_offload,
            memory_mode = request.memory_mode,
            speed_mode = request.speed_mode,
            text_encoder_quant = request.text_encoder_quant,
        )
        return DiffusionStatusResponse(**status_dict)
    except (ValueError, FileNotFoundError) as exc:
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 400, detail = redact_native_paths(str(exc)))
    except RuntimeError as exc:
        # A load is already in progress.
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 409, detail = str(exc))


@studio_router.post("/images/generate", response_model = DiffusionGenerateResponse)
async def generate_diffusion_image(
    request: DiffusionGenerateRequest, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)
):
    from core.inference import image_gallery
    from core.inference.diffusion import get_diffusion_backend

    backend = get_diffusion_backend()
    try:
        result = await asyncio.to_thread(
            backend.generate,
            prompt = request.prompt,
            negative_prompt = request.negative_prompt,
            width = request.width,
            height = request.height,
            steps = request.steps,
            guidance = request.guidance,
            seed = request.seed,
            batch_size = request.batch_size,
        )
    except RuntimeError as exc:
        if not backend.is_loaded:
            # The only genuine client-state 409: nothing is loaded to generate with.
            raise HTTPException(status_code = 409, detail = "No diffusion model is loaded.")
        # A pipeline RuntimeError (CUDA OOM, shape/device) is a server failure; fall
        # through to the sanitized 500 instead of echoing raw exception text (which
        # would 409 an OOM as retryable and leak VRAM totals / tensor shapes).
        logger.error("diffusion.generate_failed: %s", exc)
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 500, detail = "Image generation failed.")
    except Exception as exc:
        logger.error("diffusion.generate_failed: %s", exc)
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 500, detail = "Image generation failed.")

    # Persist each image with its full recipe embedded. The whole batch shares
    # one seed (drawn sequentially from one generator) and one timestamp (the
    # images are generated together), so their gallery order is stable on reload.
    created_at = time.time()

    def _persist() -> list[dict]:
        records = []
        for index, image in enumerate(result["images"]):
            records.append(
                image_gallery.save(
                    image,
                    {
                        "prompt": request.prompt,
                        "negative_prompt": request.negative_prompt,
                        "width": request.width,
                        "height": request.height,
                        "steps": request.steps,
                        "guidance": request.guidance,
                        "seed": result["seed"],
                        # Position within the batch: images here share a seed + timestamp,
                        # so the export filename needs this to stay unique.
                        "batch_index": index,
                        # The batch shares one seed, so reproducing image batch_index>0
                        # needs the original batch_size: persist it so restore can replay.
                        "batch_size": request.batch_size,
                        "model": result.get("repo_id"),
                        "created_at": created_at,
                    },
                )
            )
        return records

    try:
        records = await asyncio.to_thread(_persist)
    except Exception as exc:
        logger.error("diffusion.persist_failed: %s", exc)
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 500, detail = "Failed to save the generated image.")

    return DiffusionGenerateResponse(images = [GalleryImage(**r) for r in records])


@studio_router.get("/images/gallery", response_model = GalleryListResponse)
async def list_gallery_images(
    limit: int = 50,
    offset: int = 0,
    current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject),
):
    from core.inference import image_gallery

    limit = max(1, min(limit, 200))
    offset = max(0, offset)
    # Fetch one extra to learn whether more remain, without a second scan.
    records = await asyncio.to_thread(image_gallery.list_images, limit + 1, offset)
    has_more = len(records) > limit
    return GalleryListResponse(
        images = [GalleryImage(**r) for r in records[:limit]],
        has_more = has_more,
    )


@studio_router.get("/images/gallery/{image_id}/file")
async def get_gallery_image_file(
    image_id: str, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)
):
    from core.inference import image_gallery

    path = await asyncio.to_thread(image_gallery.image_path, image_id)
    if path is None:
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 404, detail = "Image not found.")
    data = await asyncio.to_thread(path.read_bytes)
    # Immutable content (id is unique per image), so let the browser cache it.
    return Response(
        content = data,
        media_type = "image/png",
        headers = {"Cache-Control": "private, max-age=31536000, immutable"},
    )


@studio_router.delete("/images/gallery/{image_id}")
async def delete_gallery_image(image_id: str, current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    from core.inference import image_gallery

    deleted = await asyncio.to_thread(image_gallery.delete, image_id)
    if not deleted:
        raise HTTPException(status_code = 404, detail = "Image not found.")
    return {"deleted": True}


@studio_router.delete("/images/gallery")
async def clear_gallery_images(current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    from core.inference import image_gallery
    removed = await asyncio.to_thread(image_gallery.clear)
    return {"removed": removed}


@studio_router.post("/images/unload", response_model = DiffusionStatusResponse)
async def unload_diffusion_model(current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    from core.inference.diffusion import get_diffusion_backend
    from core.inference.gpu_arbiter import release, DIFFUSION

    status_dict = await asyncio.to_thread(get_diffusion_backend().unload)
    release(DIFFUSION)
    return DiffusionStatusResponse(**status_dict)


@studio_router.get("/images/status", response_model = DiffusionStatusResponse)
async def diffusion_status(current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    from core.inference.diffusion import get_diffusion_backend
    return DiffusionStatusResponse(**get_diffusion_backend().status())


@studio_router.get("/images/load-progress", response_model = DiffusionLoadProgressResponse)
async def diffusion_load_progress(current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    from core.inference.diffusion import get_diffusion_backend
    return DiffusionLoadProgressResponse(**get_diffusion_backend().load_progress())


@studio_router.get("/images/generate-progress", response_model = DiffusionGenerateProgressResponse)
async def diffusion_generate_progress(current_subject: str = Depends(get_current_subject)):
    from core.inference.diffusion import get_diffusion_backend
    return DiffusionGenerateProgressResponse(**get_diffusion_backend().generate_progress())