borg/.github/workflows/ci.yml

# badge: https://github.com/borgbackup/borg/workflows/CI/badge.svg?branch=master

name: CI

on:
  push:
    branches: [ master ]
    tags:
    - '2.*'
  pull_request:
    branches: [ master ]
    paths:
    - '**.py'
    - '**.pyx'
    - '**.c'
    - '**.h'
    - '**.yml'
    - '**.toml'
    - '**.cfg'
    - '**.ini'
    - 'requirements.d/*'
    - '!docs/**'

concurrency:
  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.head_ref || github.ref }}
  cancel-in-progress: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}

permissions:
  contents: read

env:
  # Force colored tox and pytest output even without a tty - the GitHub
  # Actions log viewer renders ANSI colors. tox passes both vars through
  # to pytest (pass_env = ["*"]).
  PY_COLORS: "1"       # pytest
  TOX_COLORED: "yes"   # tox's own output

jobs:
  lint:

    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
    timeout-minutes: 5

    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7.0.1
      with:
        persist-credentials: false
    - uses: astral-sh/ruff-action@278981a28ce3188b1e39527901f38254bf3aac89  # v4.1.0

  security:

    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
    timeout-minutes: 5

    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7.0.1
      with:
        persist-credentials: false
    - name: Set up Python
      uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97  # v7.0.0
      with:
        python-version: '3.11'
    - name: Install dependencies
      run: |
        python -m pip install --upgrade pip
        pip install bandit[toml]
    - name: Run Bandit
      run: |
        bandit -r src/borg -c pyproject.toml

  asan_ubsan:

    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
    timeout-minutes: 25
    needs: [lint]

    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7.0.1
      with:
        # Just fetching one commit is not enough for setuptools-scm, so we fetch all.
        fetch-depth: 0
        fetch-tags: true
        persist-credentials: false

    - name: Set up Python
      uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97  # v7.0.0
      with:
        python-version: '3.12'

    - name: Install system packages
      run: |
        sudo apt-get update
        sudo apt-get install -y pkg-config build-essential
        sudo apt-get install -y libssl-dev libacl1-dev liblz4-dev

    - name: Install Python dependencies
      run: |
        python -m pip install --upgrade pip
        pip install -r requirements.d/development.lock.txt

    - name: Build Borg with ASan/UBSan
      # Build the C/Cython extensions with AddressSanitizer and UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer enabled.
      # How this works:
      # - The -fsanitize=address,undefined flags inject runtime checks into our native code. If a bug is hit
      #   (e.g., buffer overflow, use-after-free, out-of-bounds, or undefined behavior), the sanitizer prints
      #   a detailed error report to stderr, including a stack trace, and forces the process to exit with
      #   non-zero status. In CI, this will fail the step/job so you will notice.
      # - ASAN_OPTIONS/UBSAN_OPTIONS configure the sanitizers' runtime behavior (see below for meanings).
      env:
        CFLAGS: "-O1 -g -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fsanitize=address,undefined"
        CXXFLAGS: "-O1 -g -fno-omit-frame-pointer -fsanitize=address,undefined"
        LDFLAGS: "-fsanitize=address,undefined"
        # ASAN_OPTIONS controls AddressSanitizer runtime tweaks:
        # - detect_leaks=0: Disable LeakSanitizer to avoid false positives with CPython/pymalloc in short-lived tests.
        # - strict_string_checks=1: Make invalid string operations (e.g., over-reads) more likely to be detected.
        # - check_initialization_order=1: Catch uses that depend on static initialization order (C++).
        # - detect_stack_use_after_return=1: Detect stack-use-after-return via stack poisoning (may increase overhead).
        ASAN_OPTIONS: "detect_leaks=0:strict_string_checks=1:check_initialization_order=1:detect_stack_use_after_return=1"
        # UBSAN_OPTIONS controls UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer runtime:
        # - print_stacktrace=1: Include a stack trace for UB reports to ease debugging.
        #   Note: UBSan is recoverable by default (process may continue after reporting). If you want CI to
        #   abort immediately and fail on the first UB, add `halt_on_error=1` (e.g., UBSAN_OPTIONS="print_stacktrace=1:halt_on_error=1").
        UBSAN_OPTIONS: "print_stacktrace=1"
        # PYTHONDEVMODE enables additional Python runtime checks and warnings.
        PYTHONDEVMODE: "1"
      run: pip install -e .

    - name: Run tests under sanitizers
      env:
        ASAN_OPTIONS: "detect_leaks=0:strict_string_checks=1:check_initialization_order=1:detect_stack_use_after_return=1"
        UBSAN_OPTIONS: "print_stacktrace=1"
        PYTHONDEVMODE: "1"
      # Ensure the ASan runtime is loaded first to avoid "ASan runtime does not come first" warnings.
      # We discover libasan/libubsan paths via gcc and preload them for the Python test process.
      # the remote tests are slow and likely won't find anything useful
      run: |
        set -euo pipefail
        export LD_PRELOAD="$(gcc -print-file-name=libasan.so):$(gcc -print-file-name=libubsan.so)"
        echo "Using LD_PRELOAD=$LD_PRELOAD"
        # the sanitizer runtimes write their reports to stderr, so they still show up per worker
        pytest -v -n auto --benchmark-skip -k "not remote"

  native_tests:

    needs: [lint]
    permissions:
      contents: read
      id-token: write
      attestations: write
    strategy:
      # entries with "allow-failure": true (e.g. prerelease pythons) do not fail
      # the matrix, see continue-on-error below.
      fail-fast: true
      # noinspection YAMLSchemaValidation
      # "coverage": "1" collects coverage in that entry - we only do that for the
      # oldest and the newest supported python, measuring is not free, see #9470.
      matrix: >-
        ${{ fromJSON(
          github.event_name == 'pull_request' && '{
            "include": [
              {"os": "ubuntu-26.04", "python-version": "3.11", "toxenv": "mypy"},
              {"os": "ubuntu-26.04", "python-version": "3.11", "toxenv": "docs"},
              {"os": "ubuntu-26.04", "python-version": "3.11", "toxenv": "py311-llfuse", "coverage": "1"},
              {"os": "ubuntu-26.04", "python-version": "3.12", "toxenv": "py312-pyfuse3", "store_cache": "1"},
              {"os": "ubuntu-26.04", "python-version": "3.14", "toxenv": "py314-mfusepy", "coverage": "1"},
              {"os": "ubuntu-26.04", "python-version": "3.15-dev", "toxenv": "py315-mfusepy", "allow-failure": true}
            ]
          }' || '{
            "include": [
              {"os": "ubuntu-26.04", "python-version": "3.11", "toxenv": "py311-llfuse", "coverage": "1"},
              {"os": "ubuntu-26.04", "python-version": "3.12", "toxenv": "py312-pyfuse3"},
              {"os": "ubuntu-26.04", "python-version": "3.13", "toxenv": "py313-mfusepy", "store_cache": "1"},
              {"os": "ubuntu-26.04", "python-version": "3.14", "toxenv": "py314-pyfuse3", "coverage": "1", "binary": "borg-linux-glibc243-x86_64-gh"},
              {"os": "ubuntu-26.04-arm", "python-version": "3.14", "toxenv": "py314-pyfuse3", "coverage": "1", "binary": "borg-linux-glibc243-arm64-gh"},
              {"os": "macos-15", "python-version": "3.14", "toxenv": "py314-none", "coverage": "1", "binary": "borg-macos-15-arm64-gh"},
              {"os": "macos-15-intel", "python-version": "3.14", "toxenv": "py314-none", "coverage": "1", "binary": "borg-macos-15-x86_64-gh"},
              {"os": "ubuntu-26.04", "python-version": "3.15-dev", "toxenv": "py315-mfusepy", "allow-failure": true}
            ]
          }'
        ) }}
    env:
      TOXENV: ${{ matrix.toxenv }}

    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    # Python 3.15 is not released yet, so do not fail the whole matrix if it (or a
    # dependency not having wheels / not compiling for it yet) breaks.
    # Remove the "allow-failure" matrix entries once 3.15 is final.
    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.allow-failure || false }}
    # macOS machines can be slow, if overloaded.
    timeout-minutes: 360

    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7.0.1
      with:
        # Just fetching one commit is not enough for setuptools-scm, so we fetch all.
        fetch-depth: 0
        fetch-tags: true
        persist-credentials: false

    - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
      uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97  # v7.0.0
      with:
        python-version: ${{ matrix.python-version }}

    - name: Cache pip
      # Not on tags: that is when the release binaries are built and attested,
      # and they should not be able to pick up a poisoned cache entry.
      if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}
      uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v6.1.0
      with:
        path: ~/.cache/pip
        key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-pip-${{ hashFiles('requirements.d/development.lock.txt') }}
        restore-keys: |
            ${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-pip-

    - name: Cache tox environments
      # Not on tags: that is when the release binaries are built and attested,
      # and they should not be able to pick up a poisoned cache entry.
      if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}
      uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v6.1.0
      with:
        path: .tox
        key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-tox-${{ matrix.toxenv }}-${{ hashFiles('requirements.d/development.lock.txt', 'pyproject.toml') }}
        restore-keys: |
          ${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-tox-${{ matrix.toxenv }}-
          ${{ runner.os }}-${{ runner.arch }}-tox-

    - name: Install Linux packages
      if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' }}
      run: |
        sudo apt-get update
        sudo apt-get install -y pkg-config build-essential
        sudo apt-get install -y libssl-dev libacl1-dev liblz4-dev
        sudo apt-get install -y bash zsh fish  # for shell completion tests
        sudo apt-get install -y rclone openssh-server curl
        if [[ "$TOXENV" == *"llfuse"* ]]; then
          sudo apt-get install -y libfuse-dev fuse  # Required for Python llfuse module
        elif [[ "$TOXENV" == *"pyfuse3"* || "$TOXENV" == *"mfusepy"* ]]; then
          sudo apt-get install -y libfuse3-dev fuse3  # Required for Python pyfuse3 module
        fi

    - name: Install macOS packages
      if: ${{ runner.os == 'macOS' }}
      run: |
        brew unlink pkg-config@0.29.2 || true
        brew bundle install
        # the runner's unresolvable .local hostname takes macOS ~35s to give up on,
        # which borg paid per spawned process (import-time fqdn) - hours of test time,
        # see #9470. .local is mDNS territory, an /etc/hosts entry alone does not help.
        sudo scutil --set HostName borg-ci-mac
        echo "127.0.0.1 borg-ci-mac" | sudo tee -a /etc/hosts

    - name: Configure OpenSSH SFTP server (test only)
      if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && !contains(matrix.toxenv, 'mypy') && !contains(matrix.toxenv, 'docs') }}
      run: |
        sudo mkdir -p /run/sshd
        sudo useradd -m -s /bin/bash sftpuser || true
        # Create SSH key for the CI user and authorize it for sftpuser
        mkdir -p ~/.ssh
        chmod 700 ~/.ssh
        test -f ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 || ssh-keygen -t ed25519 -N '' -f ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
        sudo mkdir -p /home/sftpuser/.ssh
        sudo chmod 700 /home/sftpuser/.ssh
        sudo cp ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub /home/sftpuser/.ssh/authorized_keys
        sudo chown -R sftpuser:sftpuser /home/sftpuser/.ssh
        sudo chmod 600 /home/sftpuser/.ssh/authorized_keys
        # Allow publickey auth and enable Subsystem sftp
        sudo sed -i 's/^#\?PasswordAuthentication .*/PasswordAuthentication no/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
        sudo sed -i 's/^#\?PubkeyAuthentication .*/PubkeyAuthentication yes/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config
        if ! grep -q '^Subsystem sftp' /etc/ssh/sshd_config; then echo 'Subsystem sftp /usr/lib/openssh/sftp-server' | sudo tee -a /etc/ssh/sshd_config; fi
        # Ensure host keys exist to avoid slow generation on first sshd start
        sudo ssh-keygen -A
        # Start sshd (listen on default 22 inside runner)
        sudo /usr/sbin/sshd -D &
        # Add host key to known_hosts so paramiko trusts it
        ssh-keyscan -H localhost 127.0.0.1 | tee -a ~/.ssh/known_hosts
        # Start ssh-agent and add our key so paramiko can use the agent
        eval "$(ssh-agent -s)"
        ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_ed25519
        # The rest test starts "borg serve --rest" over ssh as sftpuser, which runs the borg
        # under test from the tox venv under $HOME. Allow sftpuser to traverse into the runner
        # home so it can reach that borg (the venv dirs/files are created world-r/x by tox/pip).
        sudo chmod o+x "$HOME"
        # Export SFTP test URL for tox via GITHUB_ENV
        echo "BORG_TEST_SFTP_REPO=sftp://sftpuser@localhost:22/borg/sftp-repo" >> $GITHUB_ENV
        echo "BORG_TEST_REST_REPO=rest://sftpuser@localhost:22/borg/rest-repo" >> $GITHUB_ENV

    - name: Install and configure MinIO S3 server (test only)
      if: ${{ runner.os == 'Linux' && !contains(matrix.toxenv, 'mypy') && !contains(matrix.toxenv, 'docs') }}
      run: |
        set -e
        arch=$(uname -m)
        case "$arch" in
          x86_64|amd64) srv_url=https://dl.min.io/server/minio/release/linux-amd64/minio; cli_url=https://dl.min.io/client/mc/release/linux-amd64/mc ;;
          aarch64|arm64) srv_url=https://dl.min.io/server/minio/release/linux-arm64/minio; cli_url=https://dl.min.io/client/mc/release/linux-arm64/mc ;;
          *) echo "Unsupported arch: $arch"; exit 1 ;;
        esac
        curl -fsSL -o /usr/local/bin/minio "$srv_url"
        curl -fsSL -o /usr/local/bin/mc "$cli_url"
        sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/minio /usr/local/bin/mc
        export PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH
        # Start MinIO on :9000 with default credentials (minioadmin/minioadmin)
        MINIO_DIR="$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/.minio-data"
        MINIO_LOG="$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/.minio.log"
        mkdir -p "$MINIO_DIR"
        nohup minio server "$MINIO_DIR" --address ":9000" >"$MINIO_LOG" 2>&1 &
        # Wait for MinIO port to be ready
        for i in $(seq 1 60); do (echo > /dev/tcp/127.0.0.1/9000) >/dev/null 2>&1 && break; sleep 1; done
        # Configure client and create bucket
        mc alias set local http://127.0.0.1:9000 minioadmin minioadmin
        mc mb --ignore-existing local/borg
        # Export S3 test URL for tox via GITHUB_ENV
        echo "BORG_TEST_S3_REPO=s3:minioadmin:minioadmin@http://127.0.0.1:9000/borg/s3-repo" >> $GITHUB_ENV

    - name: Enable store cache (test only)
      if: ${{ matrix.store_cache == '1' }}
      run: echo "BORG_STORE_CACHE=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV

    - name: Install Python requirements
      run: |
        python -m pip install --upgrade pip setuptools wheel
        pip install -r requirements.d/development.lock.txt

    - name: Install borgbackup
      run: |
        if [[ "$TOXENV" == *"llfuse"* ]]; then
          pip install -ve ".[llfuse,cockpit,s3,sftp,rclone]"
        elif [[ "$TOXENV" == *"pyfuse3"* ]]; then
          pip install -ve ".[pyfuse3,cockpit,s3,sftp,rclone]"
        elif [[ "$TOXENV" == *"mfusepy"* ]]; then
          pip install -ve ".[mfusepy,cockpit,s3,sftp,rclone]"
        else
          pip install -ve ".[cockpit,s3,sftp,rclone]"
        fi

    - name: Build Borg fat binaries (${{ matrix.binary }})
      if: ${{ matrix.binary && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}
      run: |
        pip install -r requirements.d/pyinstaller.txt
        ./scripts/build-borg-using-pyinstaller.sh

    - name: Smoke-test the built binary (${{ matrix.binary }})
      if: ${{ matrix.binary && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}
      run: |
        pushd dist/binary
        echo "single-file binary"
        chmod +x borg.exe
        ./borg.exe -V
        echo "single-directory binary"
        chmod +x borg-dir/borg.exe
        ./borg-dir/borg.exe -V
        tar czf borg.tgz borg-dir
        popd
        # Ensure locally built binary in ./dist/binary/borg-dir is found during tests
        export PATH="$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/dist/binary/borg-dir:$PATH"
        echo "borg.exe binary in PATH"
        borg.exe -V

    - name: Prepare binaries (${{ matrix.binary }})
      if: ${{ matrix.binary && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}
      env:
        BINARY: ${{ matrix.binary }}
      run: |
        mkdir -p artifacts
        if [ -f dist/binary/borg.exe ]; then
          cp dist/binary/borg.exe "artifacts/$BINARY"
        fi
        if [ -f dist/binary/borg.tgz ]; then
          cp dist/binary/borg.tgz "artifacts/$BINARY.tgz"
        fi
        echo "binary files"
        ls -l artifacts/

    - name: Attest binaries provenance (${{ matrix.binary }})
      if: ${{ matrix.binary && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}
      uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@4d101475d8b20a2381f78447822ac1eab6504dd8  # v4.2.2
      with:
        subject-path: 'artifacts/*'

    - name: Upload binaries (${{ matrix.binary }})
      if: ${{ matrix.binary && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}
      uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7.0.1
      with:
        name: ${{ matrix.binary }}
        path: artifacts/*
        if-no-files-found: error

    - name: run tox env
      env:
        # tox passes this through to pytest (pass_env = ["*"])
        PYTEST_ADDOPTS: ${{ !matrix.coverage && '--no-cov' || '' }}
      run: |
        # do not use fakeroot, but run as root. avoids the dreaded EISDIR sporadic failures. see #2482.
        #sudo -E bash -c "tox -e py"
        # Ensure locally built binary in ./dist/binary/borg-dir is found during tests
        export PATH="$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/dist/binary/borg-dir:$PATH"
        tox --skip-missing-interpreters

    - name: Upload test results to Codecov
      if: ${{ !cancelled() && !contains(matrix.toxenv, 'mypy') && !contains(matrix.toxenv, 'docs') }}
      uses: codecov/codecov-action@fb8b3582c8e4def4969c97caa2f19720cb33a72f  # v7.0.0
      env:
        OS: ${{ runner.os }}
        python: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
      with:
        token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
        report_type: test_results
        env_vars: OS,python
        files: test-results.xml

    - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
      if: ${{ !cancelled() && matrix.coverage }}
      uses: codecov/codecov-action@fb8b3582c8e4def4969c97caa2f19720cb33a72f  # v7.0.0
      env:
        OS: ${{ runner.os }}
        python: ${{ matrix.python-version }}
      with:
        token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
        report_type: coverage
        env_vars: OS,python
        files: coverage.xml

  vm_tests:
    permissions:
      contents: read
      id-token: write
      attestations: write
    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
    timeout-minutes: 180
    needs: [lint]
    continue-on-error: true

    strategy:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        # pyver: python the test step installs; part of the pip cache key.
        # 3.14+ gets coverage's near-zero-overhead sysmon core, see #9470.
        include:
          - os: freebsd
            version: '15.1'
            display_name: FreeBSD
            pyver: '3.14'
            # Controls binary build and provenance attestation on tags
            do_binaries: true
            artifact_prefix: borg-freebsd-15-x86_64-gh

          - os: netbsd
            version: '11.0'
            display_name: NetBSD
            pyver: '3.14'
            do_binaries: false

          - os: openbsd
            version: '7.9'
            display_name: OpenBSD
            pyver: '3.13'
            do_binaries: false
            # extra RAM for the mfs-backed TMPDIR, see the openbsd test step
            memory: 12G

          - os: omnios
            version: 'r151056'
            display_name: OmniOS
            pyver: '3.13'
            do_binaries: false

          - os: haiku
            version: 'r1beta6'
            display_name: Haiku
            pyver: '3.14'
            do_binaries: false

    steps:
      - name: Check out repository
        uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7.0.1
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
          fetch-tags: true
          persist-credentials: false

      # .pip-cache lives inside the workspace, which cross-platform-actions
      # rsyncs into the VM and back, so wheels built from sdists in one run
      # (most of the VM setup time) are reused by the next one.
      - name: Cache pip-built wheels
        # Not on tags: that is when the release binaries are built and attested,
        # and they should not be able to pick up a poisoned cache entry.
        if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}
        uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v6.1.0
        with:
          path: .pip-cache
          key: ${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.version }}-py${{ matrix.pyver }}-pip-${{ hashFiles('requirements.d/development.lock.txt') }}
          restore-keys: |
            ${{ matrix.os }}-${{ matrix.version }}-py${{ matrix.pyver }}-pip-

      - name: Start VM for ${{ matrix.display_name }}
        id: cross_os
        # a normal boot takes < 1 minute; since 1.4.0 the action bounds
        # waiting for boot itself, this is just an additional safety net.
        timeout-minutes: 15
        uses: cross-platform-actions/action@faa0c6197e94aacf1c5956460152c8380d3560a5  # v1.5.0
        with:
          operating_system: ${{ matrix.os }}
          version: ${{ matrix.version }}
          shell: bash
          # the default VM size (2 cpus) leaves half of the runner's 4 vcpus idle
          cpu_count: 4
          memory: ${{ matrix.memory || '8G' }}

      - name: Test on ${{ matrix.display_name }}
        shell: cpa.sh {0}
        env:
          DO_BINARIES: ${{ matrix.do_binaries }}
        run: |
          set -euxo pipefail

          # a hung test must fail instead of stalling the suite until the
          # job timeout (tox passes all env vars through to pytest).
          export PYTEST_TIMEOUT=300

          # colored tox/pytest output - the workflow-level env vars do not
          # reach into the VM, so export them here again.
          export PY_COLORS=1
          export TOX_COLORED=yes

          # see the "Cache pip-built wheels" step
          export PIP_CACHE_DIR="$PWD/.pip-cache"

          case "${{ matrix.os }}" in
            freebsd)
              export IGNORE_OSVERSION=yes
              sudo -E pkg update -f
              sudo -E pkg install -y liblz4 pkgconf
              sudo -E pkg install -y fusefs-libs
              sudo -E kldload fusefs
              sudo -E sysctl vfs.usermount=1
              sudo -E chmod 666 /dev/fuse

              # enable POSIX.1e ACLs on the UFS root fs (covers /tmp), so the ACL tests do not skip (#9144)
              sudo mount -u -o acls /
              mount | grep ' / ' | grep -w acls
              sudo -E pkg install -y rust
              sudo -E pkg install -y gmake
              sudo -E pkg install -y git
              sudo -E pkg install -y python314 py314-sqlite3
              sudo ln -sf /usr/local/bin/python3.14 /usr/local/bin/python3
              sudo ln -sf /usr/local/bin/python3.14 /usr/local/bin/python
              sudo ln -sf /usr/local/bin/pip3.14 /usr/local/bin/pip3
              sudo ln -sf /usr/local/bin/pip3.14 /usr/local/bin/pip

              # required for libsodium/pynacl build
              export MAKE=gmake

              python -m venv .venv
              . .venv/bin/activate
              python -V
              pip -V
              python -m pip install --upgrade pip wheel
              pip install -r requirements.d/development.lock.txt
              pip install -e ".[mfusepy,cockpit,s3,sftp,rclone]"
              if [[ "${{ matrix.do_binaries }}" == "true" && "${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}" == "true" ]]; then
                python -m pip install -r requirements.d/pyinstaller.txt
                ./scripts/build-borg-using-pyinstaller.sh
                pushd dist/binary
                echo "single-file binary"
                chmod +x borg.exe
                ./borg.exe -V
                echo "single-directory binary"
                chmod +x borg-dir/borg.exe
                ./borg-dir/borg.exe -V
                tar czf borg.tgz borg-dir
                popd
                mkdir -p artifacts
                if [ -f dist/binary/borg.exe ]; then
                  cp -v dist/binary/borg.exe artifacts/${{ matrix.artifact_prefix }}
                fi
                if [ -f dist/binary/borg.tgz ]; then
                  cp -v dist/binary/borg.tgz artifacts/${{ matrix.artifact_prefix }}.tgz
                fi
              fi
              export PATH="$(pwd)/dist/binary:$PATH"
              tox -e py314-mfusepy
              ;;

            netbsd)
              arch="$(uname -m)"
              sudo -E mkdir -p /usr/pkg/etc/pkgin
              echo "https://ftp.NetBSD.org/pub/pkgsrc/packages/NetBSD/${arch}/11.0/All" | sudo tee /usr/pkg/etc/pkgin/repositories.conf > /dev/null
              sudo -E pkgin update
              sudo -E pkgin -y upgrade
              sudo -E pkgin -y install lz4 git
              sudo -E pkgin -y install rust
              sudo -E pkgin -y install pkg-config
              # python 3.14 for coverage's fast sysmon core, see #9470
              sudo -E pkgin -y install py314-pip py314-virtualenv py314-tox
              sudo -E ln -sf /usr/pkg/bin/python3.14 /usr/pkg/bin/python3
              sudo -E ln -sf /usr/pkg/bin/pip3.14 /usr/pkg/bin/pip3
              sudo -E ln -sf /usr/pkg/bin/virtualenv-3.14 /usr/pkg/bin/virtualenv3
              sudo -E ln -sf /usr/pkg/bin/tox-3.14 /usr/pkg/bin/tox3

              # Ensure base system admin tools are on PATH for the non-root shell
              export PATH="/sbin:/usr/sbin:$PATH"

              # On the netbsd 11 VM, / is a fs with extended attributes.
              export TMPDIR="/tmp_eafs"
              sudo -E mkdir -p ${TMPDIR}
              sudo -E chmod 1777 ${TMPDIR}

              touch ${TMPDIR}/testfile
              lsextattr user ${TMPDIR}/testfile && echo "[xattr] *** xattrs SUPPORTED on ${TMPDIR}! ***"

              tox3 -e py314-none
              ;;

            openbsd)
              # Put the temp tree (pip/cc build temps, pytest tmp dirs and the
              # borg test repos in them) on a memory-backed filesystem instead
              # of the slow FFS disk. Sized generously (the pytest tmp tree is
              # only cleaned up after the run); the VM gets 12G RAM for this.
              sudo mkdir -p /mfs
              # -O2: FFS2 format - mfs defaults to FFS1, whose 32 bit
              # timestamps silently wrap (breaks test_extract_y2261).
              sudo mount_mfs -O2 -s 6g swap /mfs
              sudo chmod 1777 /mfs
              export TMPDIR=/mfs

              # 7.9 has no python 3.14 pkg yet - move to 3.14 + update pyver when it ships (#9470)
              sudo -E pkg_add lz4 git rust openssl%3.5 py3-pip py3-virtualenv py3-tox

              export BORG_OPENSSL_NAME=eopenssl35
              tox -e py313-none
              ;;

            omnios)
              # r151056 has no python-314 pkg yet - move to 3.14 + update pyver when it ships (#9470)
              sudo pkg install gcc14 git pkg-config python-313 gnu-make gnu-coreutils rust
              sudo ln -sf /usr/bin/python3.13 /usr/bin/python3
              sudo ln -sf /usr/bin/python3.13-config /usr/bin/python3-config
              sudo python3 -m ensurepip
              sudo python3 -m pip install virtualenv

              # On omniOS /tmp is swap-backed tmpfs (small, RAM-bound), so the pip/cargo
              # build temps and the pytest temp tree quickly exhaust it ("no space left on
              # device"). /var/tmp is disk-backed (ZFS), so redirect TMPDIR there.
              export TMPDIR=/var/tmp/borg-ci
              mkdir -p "$TMPDIR"

              # show whether xattrs work on the ZFS-backed TMPDIR (they are files in a
              # hidden per-file attribute directory there, listed via runat(1))
              touch "$TMPDIR/testfile"
              /usr/bin/runat "$TMPDIR/testfile" ls -a && echo "*** xattrs supported on $TMPDIR ***"
              rm "$TMPDIR/testfile"

              python3 -m venv .venv
              . .venv/bin/activate
              python -V
              pip -V
              python -m pip install --upgrade pip wheel
              pip install -r requirements.d/development.lock.txt
              # no fuse support on omnios in our tests usually
              pip install -e .

              tox -e py313-none
              ;;

            haiku)
              pkgman refresh
              # already installed:
              # pkgman install -y git pkgconfig lz4 openssl3
              pkgman install -y lz4_devel openssl3_devel
              pkgman install -y rust_bin

              python3 -m ensurepip --upgrade
              python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip wheel
              python3 -m venv .venv
              . .venv/bin/activate

              export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/system/develop/lib/pkgconfig:/system/lib/pkgconfig:${PKG_CONFIG_PATH:-}"
              export BORG_LIBLZ4_PREFIX=/system/develop
              export BORG_OPENSSL_PREFIX=/system/develop

              # this VM corrupts data every now and then: rustc crashed on crate metadata it
              # had written itself ("assertion failed: bytes[len] == STR_SENTINEL") and pip
              # found sha256 mismatches reading big wheels back from its own cache. Build
              # outside /boot/system/cache/tmp (haiku's /tmp) and run one rustc at a time,
              # in case that corruption comes from disk or memory pressure.
              export TMPDIR=/boot/home/borg-tmp
              mkdir -p "$TMPDIR"
              export CARGO_TARGET_DIR="$TMPDIR/cargo-target"
              export CARGO_BUILD_JOBS=1

              # retry a pip install that hit a corrupted file, dropping the cached (possibly
              # corrupted) files first, so one of them does not fail the whole job - and does
              # not end up in the actions cache, failing every following run, too.
              pip_install() {
                for attempt in 1 2 3; do
                  pip install "$@" && return 0
                  echo "*** pip install failed (attempt $attempt), purging the pip cache and retrying ***"
                  pip cache purge || true
                done
                return 1
              }

              pip_install -r requirements.d/development.lock.txt
              pip_install -e .

              # troubles with either tox or pytest xdist, so we run pytest manually:
              pytest -v -n auto -rs --cov=borg --cov-config=pyproject.toml --cov-report=xml --junitxml=test-results.xml --benchmark-skip -k "not remote and not socket"
              ;;
          esac

      - name: Upload artifacts
        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && matrix.do_binaries
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7.0.1
        with:
          name: ${{ matrix.artifact_prefix }}
          path: artifacts/*
          if-no-files-found: ignore

      - name: Attest provenance
        if: startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && matrix.do_binaries
        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@4d101475d8b20a2381f78447822ac1eab6504dd8  # v4.2.2
        with:
          subject-path: 'artifacts/*'

      - name: Upload test results to Codecov
        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
        uses: codecov/codecov-action@fb8b3582c8e4def4969c97caa2f19720cb33a72f  # v7.0.0
        env:
          OS: ${{ matrix.os }}
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
          report_type: test_results
          env_vars: OS
          files: test-results.xml

      - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
        uses: codecov/codecov-action@fb8b3582c8e4def4969c97caa2f19720cb33a72f  # v7.0.0
        env:
          OS: ${{ matrix.os }}
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
          report_type: coverage
          env_vars: OS
          files: coverage.xml

  windows_tests:

    if: true  # can be used to temporarily disable the build
    runs-on: windows-latest
    timeout-minutes: 90
    needs: [lint]

    permissions:
      contents: read
      id-token: write
      attestations: write

    env:
      MSYS2_ARG_CONV_EXCL: "*"
      MSYS2_ENV_CONV_EXCL: "*"
      # see the "Cache pip-built wheels" step. MSYS2_ENV_CONV_EXCL above keeps
      # this a Windows path when it enters the msys2 shell.
      PIP_CACHE_DIR: ${{ github.workspace }}\.pip-cache

    defaults:
      run:
        shell: msys2 {0}

    steps:
      # actions/checkout runs Git for Windows, whose system config sets
      # core.autocrlf=true, while the msys2 git the build steps below use does
      # not: it would see every text file as modified, so setuptools-scm called
      # the checkout dirty and gave the binaries a guessed-next .devN version
      # instead of the tag version, see #10199.  .gitattributes takes care of
      # this as well, this is here so that it also works for older tags.
      - name: Do not convert line endings on checkout
        shell: pwsh
        run: git config --global core.autocrlf false

      - uses: actions/checkout@3d3c42e5aac5ba805825da76410c181273ba90b1  # v7.0.1
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
          persist-credentials: false

      # MSYS2's mingw Python cannot use PyPI's win_amd64 wheels, so pip builds
      # all compiled deps from source - incl. building maturin via cargo, just
      # to build the blake3 wheel. Persist the wheels pip builds.
      - name: Cache pip-built wheels
        # Not on tags: that is when the release binaries are built and attested,
        # and they should not be able to pick up a poisoned cache entry.
        if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}
        uses: actions/cache@55cc8345863c7cc4c66a329aec7e433d2d1c52a9  # v6.1.0
        with:
          path: .pip-cache
          key: windows-msys2-pip-${{ hashFiles('pyproject.toml', 'requirements.d/pyinstaller.txt') }}
          restore-keys: |
            windows-msys2-pip-

      - uses: msys2/setup-msys2@66cd2cce69caa17b53920067426061ca1de3a884  # v2.32.0
        with:
          msystem: UCRT64
          update: true

      - name: Install system packages
        run: ./scripts/msys2-install-deps development

      - name: Build python venv
        run: |
          # building native extensions in the venv fails, so we try to use the system packages
          python -m venv --system-site-packages env
          . env/bin/activate
          # python -m pip install --upgrade pip
          # pip install --upgrade setuptools build wheel
          pip install -r requirements.d/pyinstaller.txt

      - name: Build
        run: |
          # build borg.exe
          . env/bin/activate
          pip install -e ".[cockpit,s3,sftp,rclone]"
          ./scripts/build-borg-using-pyinstaller.sh
          # build sdist and wheel in dist/...
          python -m build

      # Same layout and naming as the binaries of the other platforms, so that
      # the release job picks this up as a release asset, too. The single-file
      # binary keeps its .exe extension - Windows needs it to run the file.
      - name: Prepare binaries (borg-windows-x86_64-gh)
        run: |
          pushd dist/binary
          echo "single-file binary"
          ./borg.exe -V
          echo "single-directory binary"
          ./borg-dir/borg.exe -V
          tar czf borg.tgz borg-dir
          popd
          mkdir -p artifacts
          cp dist/binary/borg.exe artifacts/borg-windows-x86_64-gh.exe
          cp dist/binary/borg.tgz artifacts/borg-windows-x86_64-gh.tgz
          echo "binary files"
          ls -l artifacts/

      - name: Attest binaries provenance (borg-windows-x86_64-gh)
        if: ${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') }}
        uses: actions/attest-build-provenance@4d101475d8b20a2381f78447822ac1eab6504dd8  # v4.2.2
        with:
          subject-path: 'artifacts/*'

      - name: Upload binaries (borg-windows-x86_64-gh)
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a  # v7.0.1
        with:
          name: borg-windows-x86_64-gh
          path: artifacts/*
          if-no-files-found: error

      - name: Run tests
        run: |
          # Ensure locally built binary in ./dist/binary/borg-dir is found during tests
          export PATH="$GITHUB_WORKSPACE/dist/binary/borg-dir:$PATH"
          borg.exe -V
          . env/bin/activate
          python -m pytest -n4 --benchmark-skip -vv -rs -k "not remote" --cov=borg --cov-config=pyproject.toml --cov-report=xml --junitxml=test-results.xml

      - name: Upload test results to Codecov
        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
        uses: codecov/codecov-action@fb8b3582c8e4def4969c97caa2f19720cb33a72f  # v7.0.0
        env:
          OS: ${{ runner.os }}
          python: '3.11'
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
          report_type: test_results
          env_vars: OS,python
          files: test-results.xml

      - name: Upload coverage to Codecov
        if: ${{ !cancelled() }}
        uses: codecov/codecov-action@fb8b3582c8e4def4969c97caa2f19720cb33a72f  # v7.0.0
        env:
          OS: ${{ runner.os }}
          python: '3.11'
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
          report_type: coverage
          env_vars: OS,python
          files: coverage.xml

  release:
    # Build the sdist and draft the GitHub release with the binaries the jobs
    # above built for this tag, see .github/workflows/release.yml.
    #
    # vm_tests is continue-on-error (a flaky BSD VM must not stop a release), so
    # this waits for it, but only requires native_tests to have succeeded. A
    # binary that did not get built is warned about while drafting the release.
    if: ${{ !cancelled() && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && needs.native_tests.result == 'success' }}
    needs: [native_tests, vm_tests]

    permissions:
      contents: write
      id-token: write
      attestations: write

    uses: ./.github/workflows/release.yml

  pypi:
    # Upload the sdist the release job built to PyPI.
    #
    # This job can not live in release.yml with the rest of the release code:
    # PyPI trusted publishing does not work from a reusable workflow, see
    # https://docs.pypi.org/trusted-publishers/troubleshooting/
    #
    # One-time setup, so that no API token has to be stored anywhere:
    #  - on pypi.org, add a trusted publisher to the "borgbackup" project:
    #    owner "borgbackup", repository "borg", workflow "ci.yml",
    #    environment "pypi".
    #  - create the "pypi" environment in the repository settings. Configuring
    #    required reviewers for it makes this (irreversible) upload wait for an
    #    approval, which is the last chance to stop a release.
    if: ${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/tags/') && needs.release.result == 'success' }}
    needs: [release]

    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
    timeout-minutes: 30

    environment:
      name: pypi
      url: https://pypi.org/project/borgbackup/

    permissions:
      contents: read
      id-token: write  # trusted publishing

    steps:
    - name: Get the sdist built by the release job
      uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c  # v8.0.1
      with:
        name: sdist
        path: dist

    - name: What we are about to upload
      run: ls -l dist/

    - name: Upload to PyPI
      uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@dc37677b2e1c63e2034f94d8a5b11f265b73ba33  # v1.14.2